Goldberg Chapter 11
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This document discusses various stimulant drugs, focusing on cocaine and amphetamines. It describes the sources, modes of intake, effects, and health risks of cocaine, crack cocaine, and amphetamines. Cocaine comes from coca leaves and produces intense euphoria but also cardiovascular effects and addiction. Crack cocaine is a smoked form that causes brief but intense euphoria and high addiction potential. Amphetamines are sympathomimetic drugs that were originally developed as asthma treatments but carry addiction and overdose risks when abused. Methamphetamines are a particularly potent form associated with "binge and crash" use and production in unsafe laboratories.
Goldberg Chapter 11
- 1. Albia Dugger • Miami Dade College Chapter 11 Stimulants
- 2. Types of Stimulants • Stimulants modify a person’s activity level, mood, and central nervous system • Some stimulants, such as cocaine and methamphetamines, are illegal • Others, such as amphetamines, require a prescription • Legal stimulants such as caffeine and nicotine are among the most widely used drugs in the world
- 3. Cocaine • Cocaine comes from the leaves of the coca plant, Erythroxylon coca • Natives of the Andes Mountains chew coca leaves to relieve fatigue, for spiritual reasons, or to enhance well-being • Colombia is the largest producer of cocaine
- 4. Sources of Cocaine • Bolivia and Peru account for a small percentage of cocaine production
- 5. Properties of Cocaine • Cocaine is an odorless, crystalline, white powder that produces intense euphoria, alertness, and energy • Cocaine may be used in a Brompton’s cocktail, which is used to manage cancer pain • Cocaine is used in surgical procedures on the facial area
- 6. Mode of Intake • Injected cocaine reaches the brain the fastest, and euphoria is rapid and intense • Snorted cocaine is absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal mucous membranes • Crack cocaine is made by heating cocaine after mixing it with baking soda and water • Freebase cocaine is separated from its hydrochloride salt by heating, using a volatile chemical such as ether
- 10. Historical Use of Cocaine • Cocaine was isolated from coca leaves by the German scientist Niemann around 1859 • Freud recommended cocaine to alleviate opiate addiction, depression, and fatigue • Cocaine was originally included in Coca-Cola • The Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 designated cocaine as a narcotic
- 11. Early Products Containing Cocaine
- 12. Current Use of Cocaine • Cocaine use increased again in the 1970s, accompanied by an increase in cocaine-related deaths • In the 1980s celebrity users made cocaine glamorous • In 2010, an estimated 1.5 million Americans aged 12 and older were cocaine users
- 13. 2010 Drug Use
- 14. Crack • Crack is usually smoked, but it can also be injected • Because it comes in small units, the cost is low • The euphoria is brief (about 10 to 20 minutes), and the desire to repeat usage is high • Crack use is a problem among impoverished, inner-city adolescents
- 15. Crack • Many addicts exchange sex for crack • Rates of AIDS are high
- 16. Crack Law • In 1984, laws mandated harsher penalties for individuals arrested for crack cocaine than for powder cocaine • In 2010, the United States Sentencing Commission reversed that law • The law was viewed as racially discriminating – 85% of offenders are African American, only 5% are White
- 17. Crack Arrests
- 18. Cocaine and the Media • Drugs and musicians: • Jazz musicians commonly used cocaine during the 1930s and 1940s • Starting in the 1960s, references to drugs in music were conspicuous • In the early 1990s, rap musicians promoted cocaine use • The media offer a paradoxical view of cocaine – the drug is connected with high status, yet the messages often carry a negative connotation
- 19. Physical Effects of Cocaine • Elevated blood pressure • Excessive perspiration • Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain • Headache • Tightened muscles • Slower digestion • Anorexia • Nutritional deficiencies • Rapid pulse • Faster breathing rate • Increased body temp • Urge to urinate, defecate, belch • Inflammation of trachea and bronchi • Hoarseness or laryngitis • Wheezing and coughing • Coughing up pus, mucus, blood • Seizures • Hallucinations
- 20. Physical Effects of Cocaine • Physical effects of cocaine depend on how the drug enters the body • The speedball, an injected mixture of cocaine and heroin, carries a higher risk of dependency and overdose • Smoked cocaine can affect the heart to the point of congestive heart failure and death • Injected cocaine has been linked to inflammation of the heart lining and liver
- 21. Psychological Effects of Cocaine • Talkativeness • Mood swings • Hallucinations • Repetitive behaviors • Extreme depression • Neglect of personal hygiene • Rage and violent behavior • Delusions • Distorted perceptions • Depersonalization • Suicidal ideation • Paranoia
- 22. Rates of Emergency Room Visits
- 23. Cocaine Dependence • Cocaine users build up tolerance to the drug, but not to the health risks • Withdrawal symptoms include depression, lack of energy, poor appetite, restlessness, and agitation • Scientists are working on a vaccine for preventing addiction to cocaine and other drugs
- 24. Three phases following abstinence • Intense craving, agitation, anorexia, and deep depression – the desire for cocaine may increase • Withdrawal, during which the person is incapable of feeling normal pleasure, but depression moderates and sleeping becomes easier • Extinction, during which improvement is considerable, but periods of depression and craving can occur
- 25. Drugs to treat cocaine withdrawal • The African hallucinogen ibogaine is a controversial drug given to cocaine addicts • Propranolol eases withdrawal symptoms, making it easier for cocaine addicts to remain in treatment • Disulfiram, a drug used to treat alcoholism, has also shown potential as a treatment for cocaine addicts • Typically cocaine addicts are given antidepressants to lessen withdrawal symptoms
- 26. Death from Cocaine • Cocaine can cause irregular heartbeat (cardiac arrhythmias), high blood pressure, chest pains and heart attacks • Coronary artery disease leading to death is relatively common in cocaine users • Some fatalities result from uncontrolled seizures, strokes, or paralysis of breathing muscles • People who inject cocaine are in danger of contracting HIV and other potentially fatal infections
- 27. Cocaine and Pregnancy • 1 out of every 25 women use an illegal drug while pregnant • Cocaine constricts blood vessels and reduces blood flow and oxygen to the fetus • Cocaine can cause detachment of the placenta, as well as premature labor • Cocaine may reduce immunity in the fetus, increasing the risk of HIV infection
- 28. Cocaine and Pregnancy • Prenatal exposure to cocaine delays growth and language development • Some babies have neurological problems, perhaps caused by strokes before birth • Babies have higher rates of congenital heart defects, lower birth weights, seizures, and are at risk for sudden infant death • Babies tend to be born with smaller heads, and are more prone to urinary tract problems
- 29. Amphetamines • Amphetamines were developed as inhalers to treat asthma, sold under the name Benzedrine • Amphetamines were used for treating depression, for increasing work capacity, and for treating narcolepsy • It then was used to suppress appetite and ward off fatigue • In the late 1930s, it was given to hyperactive children
- 31. Pharmacology of Amphetamines • Amphetamines can be administered by ingestion, injection, snorting, or inhalation • Tolerance develops quickly – many users increase the dosage or go on binges to maintain their high • Amphetamines are sympathomimetic drugs – their effects are similar to those in people who are emotionally aroused • Their chemical structure is similar to that of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine
- 32. Pharmacology of Amphetamines • The half-life is 10 to 12 hours, and they are not totally eliminated from the body for about two days • Amphetamines are removed from the body in two ways: 1. They are excreted through urine after being transformed by liver enzymes 2. They are deactivated and removed by adding molecules to the amphetamine compound
- 33. Pharmacology of Amphetamines • Psychological effects include paranoia, violence, restlessness, agitation, hallucinations, confusion, and anxiety • Physical effects are tremors, tinnitus (ringing in ears), dry mouth, excessive perspiration, increased blood pressure, poor coordination, and convulsions • Amphetamines are especially harmful to the cardiovascular system and can cause cardiac arrest
- 34. The Amphetamine Trade • In the 1940s, Japan and Sweden had severe problems with amphetamine abuse • In the 1930s, people in the US could legally obtain amphetamines • In 1970, they represented about 8% of prescriptions
- 35. Consequences of Amphetamine Use • Most people who are dependent on amphetamines experience withdrawal, continue using them despite problems, cannot stop, develop tolerance, and give up other activities to use amphetamines • Stimulants can improve mental and physical performance for simple tasks – but not for tasks requiring complex thinking, such as problem-solving and decision-making
- 36. Consequences of Amphetamine Use • High doses negatively affect judgment and decision-making skills, and can cause severe behavioral problems • Gross motor skills improve; fine motor skills are impaired • Amphetamine psychosis – marked by paranoia, aggressiveness, fearfulness, disordered thinking, mania, and hallucinations – is a significant problem related to chronic use
- 37. Methamphetamines • Methamphetamines (speed) are more potent forms of amphetamine • “Speed freaks” go on binges, shooting up every few hours over a five- or six-day period before crashing • Many users take methamphetamines in conjunction with other drugs such as cocaine and marijuana
- 38. Nicknames for Methamphetamines • Speed • Ice • Crystal • Meth • Chicken powder • Go-fast • Glass • Crank • Christy • Crystal-meth • Chalk • Peanut butter-crank • Shabu-shabu • Zip
- 39. Methamphetamine Laboratories • In the US, methamphetamines have become the number-one drug problem in rural areas • Types of harm associated with meth labs: • Physical injury from explosions, fires, chemical burns, and toxic fumes • Environmental hazards • Child endangerment
- 40. Methamphetamine’s Effects • Slurred speech • Loss of appetite • Excitement • Increased blood pressure and heart rate • Irregular heartbeat • Pounding heart • Severe chest pain • Hot flashes • Excessive perspiration • Anxiety • Tremors • Confusion • Insomnia • Convulsions • Memory loss • Violent behavior • Elevated body temp • Paranoia • Auditory hallucinations • Death
- 42. Ritalin and Adderall • Ritalin (methylphenidate) and Adderall are the most prescribed drugs for ADHD • Ritalin and other stimulants enhance the functioning of the reticular activating system, which helps children focus attention and filter out extraneous stimuli • Side effects include insomnia, weight loss, headaches, irritability, nausea, and dizziness
- 43. Caffeine • Caffeine is the world’s most frequently consumed stimulant • Tea contains caffeine and theophylline, a stimulant from the same chemical family as caffeine • Products containing caffeine include gum, mints, beer, candy, sunflower seeds, many prescription medicines, and chocolate • Another stimulant in chocolate, theobromine, is related chemically to caffeine but is less powerful
- 44. High-Energy Caffeinated Beverages • The FDA does not regulate caffeine in food and drinks – however, it suggests that a safe level is 72 mg per 12 ounces • Many beverages such as Red Bull, Monster, and Rock Star exceed that level • To counter the sedating effects of alcohol, some individuals alternate with these high-energy drinks when drinking alcohol
- 45. Caffeine Content
- 46. Pharmacology of Caffeine • Caffeine acts as an antagonist to receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter adenosine • Peak effects occur 30 to 45 minutes after consumption • Caffeine use by well-conditioned athletes has been found to improve endurance on a short-term basis • Extreme caffeine intake has been linked to a low blood sugar condition called hypoglycemia
- 47. Properties and Risks of Caffeine • Caffeine is a xanthine – stimulants that improve work capacity, alertness, motor performance, and curb fatigue • Caffeine may delay the progression of Alzheimer’s disease; help asthmatics breathe easier; and may reduce risk of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women • Caffeine taken on an empty stomach releases stomach acids and digestive enzymes, causing an upset stomach
- 48. Properties and Risks of Caffeine • Side effects include nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, heartburn, and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome • Caffeine has been implicated in cardiovascular conditions from heart disease to hypertension • Caffeine might contribute to breast lumps, breast tenderness, and cysts • Caffeinated coffee decreases the likelihood of certain cancers
- 49. Effects of Caffeine • At moderate levels, caffeine increases blood pressure, body temperature, blood sugar levels, metabolism, urination, and hand tremors, and decreases appetite and coordination • In large amounts, it causes nausea, diarrhea, shaking, headache, and nervousness • At worst, caffeine can cause convulsions, respiratory failure, and, if one drinks 70 to 100 cups of coffee, death
- 50. Effects of Caffeine • Caffeine users need the drug to achieve alertness and to eliminate withdrawal symptoms • Withdrawal symptoms appear in people who consume 2½ cups of coffee or more daily • Withdrawal symptoms include headache, depression, lethargy, lower energy level, drowsiness, and irritability
- 51. Decaffeinated Coffee • Caffeine is displaced from the coffee bean using a hot water solution – then is taken out of the water an organic solvent • The original solvent, trichloroethylene, is potentially carcinogenic – it was replaced by methylene chloride, which also might contribute to cancer • Decaffeinated coffee still has some caffeine: 5 mg to 32 mg per 10 to 12 ounces (compared to 100mg)
- 52. Caffeinism • Excessive caffeine consumption resulting in caffeine dependency is called caffeinism • More than one-half of moderate coffee drinkers who stop drinking it experience moderate to severe headaches • Caffeinism is marked by irritability, depression, insomnia, headaches and morning lethargy • About one-fourth of users experience withdrawal symptoms when they discontinue drinking caffeine
Editor's Notes
- #5: The Upper Huallaga Valley of Peru is one of the primary sources of the coca leaf.
- #8: Crack pipes are often homemade.
- #9: Cocaine paraphernalia includes mirrors, razor blades, and scales used by drug dealers.
- #10: Figure 11.1 Forms of Cocaine
- #12: In the late 1800s the Cocabacco Company manufactured cocarettes.
- #14: Figure 11.2 Past Year Initiates of Specific Illicit Drugs Among Persons Aged 12 or Older: 2010 Note: The specific drug refers to the one that was used for the first time, regardless of whether it was the first drug used or not.
- #16: The effects of crack are quick and brief.
- #23: Figure 11.3 Rates of Emergency Room Visits per 100,000 Population Involving Illicit Drugs, 2009
- #31: There are a variety of amphetamines on the market today.
- #42: “Ice,” so named because of its appearance, is a smokable form of methamphetamine.