Chapter15
- 1. NEXT Unemployed men in a Chicago soup kitchen during the Great Depression (1930). Years of Crisis, 1919–1939 Societies undergo political, economic, and social changes that lead to renewed aggression.
- 2. NEXT Years of Crisis, 1919–1939 Map SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Postwar Uncertainty A Worldwide Depression Fascism Rises in Europe Aggressors Invade Nations Chart Chart
- 3. NEXT The postwar period is one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention, creativity, and new ideas . Section 1 Postwar Uncertainty
- 4. NEXT A New Revolution in Science Postwar Uncertainty Impact of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity • Albert Einstein offered radically new ideas in field of physics • Theory of relativity —idea that space and time are not constant • New ideas make world seem more uncertain than before Influence of Freudian Psychology • Sigmund Freud —Austrian doctor with new ideas about the mind • Claims that human behavior is not based on reason Image SECTION 1
- 5. NEXT Literature in the 1920s Impact of the War • Suffering caused by World War I leads many to doubt old beliefs Thinkers React to Uncertainties • Philosophy of existentialism —no universal meaning to life • Friedrich Nietzsche urges return to ancient heroic values Writers Reflect Society’s Concerns • Novels of Kafka reflect uneasiness of postwar years • Novels of Joyce reflect Freud’s ideas about the mind SECTION 1
- 6. NEXT Revolution in the Arts Artists Rebel Against Tradition • Artists want to depict inner world of mind • Cubism transforms natural shapes into geometric forms • Surrealism —art movement that links dreams with real life Composers Try New Styles • Composers move away from traditional styles • Jazz —musical style that captures age’s new freedom Image SECTION 1
- 7. NEXT Society Challenges Convention Women’s Roles Change • Women take on new roles during World War I • This work helps many win the right to vote • In 1920s, women adopt freer clothing, hairstyles • Some women seek new careers SECTION 1
- 8. NEXT Technological Advances Improve Life The Automobile Alters Society • Cars improve after the war • Cars become less expensive • Increased auto use changes people’s lives Radio and Movies Dominate Popular Entertainment • In 1920s, commercial radio stations spread across U.S. • Motion pictures become major industry, art form Airplanes Transform Travel • Charles Lindbergh is first to fly alone across Atlantic Image SECTION 1
- 9. NEXT An economic depression in the United States spreads throughout the world and lasts for a decade . Section 2 A Worldwide Depression
- 10. NEXT Postwar Europe A Worldwide Depression Unstable New Democracies • Fall of kingdoms, empires creates new democracies in Europe • People have little experience with representative government • Some form coalition governments —temporary, multi-party alliances • Frequent changes in government create instability SECTION 2
- 11. NEXT Democracy in Germany • Weimar Republic —Germany’s democratic government formed in 1919 • Government has serious weaknesses The Weimar Republic Inflation Causes Crisis in Germany • Value of German currency falls dramatically Attempts at Economic Stability • American loans help revive German economy Efforts at a Lasting Peace • Germany and France sign treaty pledging no more war • Many nations sign a similar agreement, the Kellogg-Briand pact Image SECTION 2
- 12. NEXT Financial Collapse A Flawed U.S. Economy • Weaknesses in American economy cause serious problems • Wealth is distributed unevenly • Most people are too poor to buy goods produced • Factory owners cut back on production, lay off workers • Farmers produce more food than people can eat • Many farmers cannot repay loans and lose their land Continued . . . SECTION 2
- 13. NEXT continued Financial Collapse The Stock Market Crashes • Stock prices soar • Many people buy stocks on credit • Investors begin selling stocks, which lowers prices • On October 29, 1929, stock market collapses as prices fall very low Chart SECTION 2
- 14. NEXT Economic Downturn • Great Depression —long business slump of 1930s • Marked by bank failures, loss of savings, unemployment The Great Depression A Global Depression • American economic problems create problems in other countries • World trade falls sharply Effects Throughout the World • Germany and Austria suffer greatly, as do Asia and Latin America Chart Chart SECTION 2
- 15. NEXT The World Confronts the Crisis Britain Takes Steps to Improve Its Economy • British voters elect coalition government, avoids political extremes • Government brings about slow, steady economic recovery • Preserves democracy by avoiding political extremes Continued . . . SECTION 2
- 16. NEXT continued The World Confronts the Crisis France Responds to Economic Crisis • France has more self-sufficient economy • Preserves democracy in spite of economic troubles Image Socialist Governments Find Solutions • Public works programs help Scandinavian countries recover Recovery in the United States • Franklin D. Roosevelt —American president during Depression • New Deal —Roosevelt’s program of government reform to improve economy SECTION 2
- 17. In response to political turmoil and economic crises, Italy and Germany turn to totalitarian dictators . NEXT Section 3 Fascism Rises in Europe
- 18. NEXT Fascism’s Rise in Italy New Political Movement • Fascism is new, militant political movement • Emphasizes nationalism and loyalty to authoritarian leader Fascism Rises in Europe Il Duce’s Leadership • Mussolini takes firm control of politics and economy in Italy Mussolini Takes Control • Italians want a leader who will take action • Fascist Party leader, Benito Mussolini , promises to rescue Italy • Italian king puts Mussolini in charge of government SECTION 3
- 19. NEXT Hitler Rises to Power in Germany A New Power • Adolf Hitler —obscure political figure in 1920s Germany The Rise of the Nazis • Nazism —German brand of fascism • Hitler becomes Nazi leader, plots to seize national power • Mein Kampf —Hitler‘s book detailing beliefs, goals • Hitler believes that Germany needs lebensraum , or living space • Germans turn to Hitler when economy collapses SECTION 3
- 20. NEXT Hitler Becomes Chancellor Hitler’s New Power • Hitler is named chancellor • Turns Germany into totalitarian state • Uses brutal tactics to eliminate enemies • Nazis take command of economy Hitler Makes War on the Jews • Nazis deprive Jews of rights, promote violence against them Image The Führer Is Supreme • Hitler takes control over every aspect of German life Image SECTION 3
- 21. NEXT Other Countries Fall to Dictators World Is Divided • Most of eastern Europe falls to dictators • Only Czechoslovakia retains democratic government • World splits into two camps—democratic and totalitarian SECTION 3
- 22. NEXT As Germany, Italy, and Japan conquer other countries, the rest of the world does nothing to stop them . Section 4 Aggressors Invade Nations
- 23. NEXT Militarists Take Control of Japan • Military leaders take control of country • Want to solve economic problems through foreign expansion Japan Seeks an Empire Aggressors Invade Nations Japan Invades China • In 1937, Japan launches war on China Japan Invades Manchuria • Japan has investments in Manchuria, Chinese province • In 1931, Japanese army seizes Manchuria • League of Nations protests action; Japan withdraws from League Map SECTION 4
- 24. NEXT Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia • In 1935, Mussolini attacks Ethiopia • League of Nations does not stop aggression European Aggressors on the March Continued . . . Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty • In 1935, Hitler begins rebuilding German army • In 1936, Germany occupies Rhineland • Britain urges appeasement , a policy of giving in to aggression • Germany, Italy, and Japan—the Axis Powers — form an alliance SECTION 4
- 25. NEXT Civil War Erupts in Spain • In 1931, a republic is declared in Spain • In 1936, General Francisco Franco leads rebellion • Hitler and Mussolini help Franco and his Fascists • In 1939, Franco wins Spanish Civil War • Franco becomes Spain’s Fascist dictator continued European Aggressors on the March SECTION 4
- 26. NEXT United States Follows an Isolationist Policy • Isolationism —avoidance of political ties with other countries • In 1935, Congress passes Neutrality Acts Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace Continued . . . The German Reich Expands • Hitler plans to expand Third Reich —German Empire • In 1938, Hitler annexes Austria • Hitler demands the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia • Czechs refuse, ask France for help Image SECTION 4
- 27. NEXT Britain and France Again Choose Appeasement • Leaders meet at Munich Conference to settle Czech crisis • Britain and France agree to let Hitler take Sudetenland • But in 1939, Hitler still takes rest of Czechoslovakia • Mussolini takes Albania; Hitler demands part of Poland continued Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace Nazis and Soviets Sign Nonaggression Pact • In 1939, Stalin and Hitler pledge never to attack one another Image SECTION 4
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