Goldberg Chapter 2
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This chapter discusses drug use in contemporary society. It notes that nearly every American has used a mind-altering substance such as alcohol, cigarettes, or caffeine. It provides statistics on drug use from national surveys. It discusses the health, social, and economic costs of drug use as well as patterns of drug taking and the extent of drug use according to national surveys. It also covers topics like drug use and education/employment outcomes, drug testing policies, and the large illegal drug business.
Goldberg Chapter 2
- 1. Albia Dugger • Miami Dade College Chapter 2 Drugs in Contemporary Society
- 2. Prevalence of Drug Use • Nearly every American has used a mind-altering substance: • Alcohol • Cigarettes • Coffee and soft drinks • Ritalin • Nonmedical use of pharmaceutical drugs • Use of illegal drugs: • Health and social costs of drug use • Costs of law enforcement
- 3. US National Drug Control Budget
- 4. Impact of Drug Use and Abuse • Binge drinking at American colleges: • Deaths • Weak academic performance • Injuries, vandalism, and property damage • Alcohol-related sexual abuse • Nearly 500,000 Americans die each year from use of tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs
- 6. Drug Use and Abuse • Drug use results in: • Fatal diseases such as HIV/AIDS • Males and females pawning their bodies for drugs • Delivery of drug-addicted and drug-impaired babies • Drug availability: • Widely available in large metropolitan areas • In the US, 8.1% of people aged 12 and older used an illicit drug in the past month
- 7. Drugs from a Social Perspective • Society’s perception of drugs: • Influenced by social and psychological factors • Illegal drugs are condemned more than legal drugs • Risk factors for drug use: • Growing up in a chaotic household • Parents who abuse drugs • Lacking of mutual attachment and nurturing • School failure, shyness, or aggressiveness • Perception that drug use is acceptable • Associating with peers who engage in drug use
- 8. Impacts on Drug Initiation
- 9. Patterns of Drug Taking • Experimental Use • Infrequent use motivated by curiosity • Social-Recreational Use • Taking drugs to share pleasurable experiences among friends • Circumstantial-Situational Use • Short-term use to contend with immediate distress or pressure
- 10. Patterns of Drug Taking • Intensified Use • Taking drugs on a steady basis to relieve a problem • Chronic Use • Indicates some extent of physical or psychological dependence • Compulsive Use • Acquiring and consuming drugs is the main focus of life
- 11. Drugs used for social reasons
- 12. Extent of Drug Use • National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2010) • 22.6 million Americans used illicit drugs • 7 million used psychotherapeutic drugs nonmedically • 1.5 million were current cocaine users • 28.8 million drove a car under the influence of alcohol • 695,000 Ecstasy users, and 353,000 meth users • 16.3% of pregnant women smoked cigarettes • 2.5 million received substance abuse treatment for alcohol • 69.6 million Americans smoked cigarettes
- 13. National Survey on Drug Use and Health
- 14. Monitoring the Future Study, 2010
- 15. Peer Pressure
- 16. Drug Abuse by Older Adults • In 2008, more than 49,000 people 55 and older went to an emergency room due to illicit drug reaction • More than 151,000 went to an emergency room due to the nonmedical use of a pharmaceutical drug • Approximately 2.5 million older Americans have problems related to alcohol • Because older people are more affected by drugs, they are at higher risk for accidents and illness
- 17. Drug Abuse by Older Adults • Often, substance abuse by older adults is ignored
- 18. Drugs in the Workplace • Substance abuse in the workplace results in: • Lessened productivity • Increased accidents, absenteeism, and health care costs • Highest rates of drug use are food service workers and construction workers – identifying drug problems in top-level managers is more difficult • Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) help workers deal with problems that affect job performance, including alcohol or drug problems
- 19. Drug Testing • In 2011, the federal government earmarked $283.1 million for drug-related activities in schools • Random workplace drug testing has effectively identified frequent users of illicit drugs • In many jurisdictions, physicians are required to report women who use drugs during pregnancy or infants who test positive for drug use by their mothers
- 20. Effects of drug use by pregnant women • Women whose babies test positive for drugs such as cocaine are subject to losing custody of their children
- 21. Testing of Athletes • Drugs used in professional and amateur athletics: • Stimulants to increase alertness, competitiveness, and aggression • Beta-blockers to reduce anxiety • Steroids to augment muscle development • Almost all high schools randomly drug-tested athletes
- 22. Methods of Drug Testing • Immunoassay is fast and less expensive than other methods but may give false positive readings • Gas chromatography is more expensive and time- consuming than other methods • Thin-layer chromatography is simple and inexpensive, but requires expert interpretation • Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is highly sensitive, but is time-consuming and expensive
- 23. Problems with Drug Testing • False positive • A person tests positive for a drug even though no drug is present in the person’s urine • False negative • A person tests negative even though drugs are present in the person’s urine
- 25. Legality of Drug Testing • Debated in two cases before the U.S. Supreme Court: • Skinner v. Railway Labor Executive Association • National Treasury Employees Union v. von Raab • In both cases, the Supreme Court ruled that the testing program was justified
- 26. Consequences of Drug Use • Drug use is a factor in: • Family stability • Social behavior • Education and career aspirations • Personal and social maturation • Relationship between adolescents’ substance use, depression, and suicidal thoughts and attempts
- 27. Drugs and the Family • Association between drug use and the likelihood that a couple will separate or divorce • Women subjected to violence have higher rates of alcohol dependence and other drug abuse problems • Family interventions into adolescent alcohol use reduce the initiation and frequency of alcohol use • Marijuana use by young Black males is significantly reduced when both parents are present
- 28. Drugs and the Family • Parental substance abuse is a factor for 1/3 to 2/3 of all children involved with the child welfare system • Substance abuse is a factor in many cases of child abuse and domestic abuse • Alcohol use is associated with the perpetration of sexual aggression, especially toward boys
- 29. Drug Use Increases Domestic Abuse • Alcohol is implicated with child and domestic abuse
- 30. Drugs and Deviant Behavior • Drug users display more independence, rebelliousness, acceptance of deviant behavior, and rejection of moral and social norms than nonusers • Children of parents who use drugs are more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors • Stimulants such as methamphetamines and cocaine are associated with violence, while marijuana and heroin are more likely to produce a passive response
- 31. Drugs and Deviant Behavior • Alcohol is the drug involved with the most violent incidents • The level of aggression associated with alcohol is dose related • Binge drinking is associated with unsafe sex and violence, and with nonconsensual sex • Most cases of dating violence occurred in the South, and in many instances, involved alcohol
- 32. Drugs and Education • There is a higher dropout rate from school for those who used alcohol, illicit drugs, and cigarettes • There is a relationship between academic performance and drug use • Drug use is assumed to be a predictor of welfare dependency • Higher Education Act of 1965: College students who are convicted of a drug offense are denied federal financial aid
- 33. Drugs and Employment • Employed drug users have less stable job histories than nonusers • Alcohol abusers earn significantly less money than moderate drinkers and abstainers • Drug use is associated with higher accident rates on the job and lower productivity
- 34. Drug Toxicity • Toxicity is the ability to disturb or nullify homeostasis • At high doses, a beneficial drug can be toxic • The difference between a safe level of a drug and a dangerous level (the margin of safety) can be slight
- 35. Types of Toxicity • Physical toxicity: • Danger to the body as a result of taking the drug • Behavioral toxicity: • Drug interferes with one’s ability to function • Acute toxicity: • Danger from a single experience with a drug • Chronic toxicity: • Danger posed by repeated exposure to the drug
- 36. Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) • DAWN is a reporting system that collects information on the number of times drugs are implicated in both non-lethal and lethal visits to emergency rooms • Illicit drugs were responsible for the most emergency room visits, followed by pharmaceutical drugs • Data reflect acute drug problems, not chronic drug use
- 37. Drug-Related Emergency Room Visits, 2010
- 38. Drug Related Deaths, 2008
- 39. Designer Drugs • Designer drugs: • Synthetic substances that are analogs (chemically similar) of an existing drug • Examples: • Bath Salts (Cathinone) • Synthetic cannabinoids • BZP (Benzylpiperazine) • Fentanyl and China white • Meperidine and MPPP • Ecstasy (MDMA)
- 40. Side Effects of MDMA • Side effects of MDMA include nausea, sleeplessness, loss of appetite, depression, headache, hangover, jaw clenching, teeth grinding, and panic • MDMA can trigger convulsions or seizures and widespread blood clotting followed by collapse, coma, and death
- 41. Side Effects of MDMA • MDMA hinders erection and inhibits orgasm in men and women
- 42. Look-Alike and Sound-Alike Drugs • Look-alike drugs • Appear similar to illegal or pharmaceutical drugs • Example: over-the-counter antihistamines and biphetamine • Sound-alike drugs • Names sound similar to those of legal or illegal drugs • Example: herbal ecstasy and Ecstasy • Example: Januvia and Enjuvia
- 43. The Drug Business • Drug trade is a big business with no signs of slowing down • Tactics for stopping drug flow into the US – military force, reducing aid to drug-producing countries, and promoting crop substitution – are ineffective • Results in thousands needing medical care for drug overdoses, and has an economic impact on the criminal justice system and environment
- 44. Drug Sales
- 45. Drug Enforcement
- 46. The Drug Business • Colombia is the leading producer of cocaine • In Laos, Burma, and Thailand, opium production has largely been replaced by methamphetamines • In addition to domestic production, marijuana is grown in Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico – Colombia is the largest exporter
- 47. Drug Producers
- 48. The Drug Business • The Global Commission on Drug Policy recommends the end of criminalization for drug use • Countries could better regulate the use of drugs while undermining the power of organized crime • Recommends increasing services and treatment to help drug abusers, and education to prevent drug use
- 49. The Drug Business • The narcotics trade is tremendously profitable • Even after billions of dollars were spent on curbing drug production, coca growth in Colombia rose 27% • Preventing drugs from entering the United States or reducing the amount of drugs grown in the country is a matter of demand, not supply
- 50. How should we deal with drug problems?
Editor's Notes
- #4: Figure 2.1 U.S. National Drug Control Budget—FY 2012 Funding Highlights
- #9: Figure 2.2 Family Bonding and Peer Antisocial Activity Impact Drug Initiation Among Adolescents
- #12: Drugs such as alcohol are often used for social reasons.
- #16: Peers are an important influence in drug use.
- #18: Many older people use drugs to deal with loneliness.
- #21: Having low-birthweight babies is a side effect of drug use by pregnant women.
- #30: Drug use increases the likelihood of domestic abuse.
- #42: For many people drugs are used as tool to help them relax and socialize.
- #45: These “Pot-Tarts,” seized by law enforcement in 2006, demonstrate the ingenuity of some illicit drug distributors. Upon raiding this facility, investigators found hundreds of marijuana-laced candies and soft drinks, including “Stoney Ranchers,” “Munchy Way,” “Rasta Reece’s,” and “Buddafingers.”
- #46: The federal government has steadily increased funding to interdict drugs.
- #48: The benefit to farmers makes it hard to combat illegal drug production.
- #51: Figure 2.4 Poll Responses to the Question: “Which of the Following Do You Feel Is the Single Best Way to Handle the War on Drugs?” (n = 4,730)