Chapter22 digestivepart2marieb
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The document summarizes key aspects of the digestive system, including: 1) It describes the general organization of the digestive tract into four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. 2) It outlines the regions and functions of the small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine. 3) It discusses the large intestine/colon and its regions - ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon. The colon has fewer villi and glands than the small intestine. 4) It briefly covers the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas - their locations, functions, histology
Chapter22 digestivepart2marieb
- 1. Ch 22: Digestive System, Part 2 Objectives: Discuss the general functions and anatomy of the digestive tract, including accessory structures. First, an overview of the tubular nature of the digestive system. Describe the individual organs of the system, including a discussion of the gross and microscopic anatomy.
- 2. General Organization of a Tubular Organ (Repetio est….)
- 3. The 4 Layers of the Gut (review) 1) Mucosa Epithelium - usually simple columnar with goblet cells; may be stratified squamous if protection needed Lamina propria – areolar connective tissue deep to epithelium Muscularis mucosae - produces folds - plicae (small intestine) or rugae (stomach) 2) Submucosa – made up of loose connective tissue contains submucosal plexus and blood vessels 3) Muscularis externa – smooth muscle, usually two layers (controlled by the myenteric plexus; source of peristalsis ) - inner layer: circular outer layer: longitudinal 4) Serosa visceral layer of mesentery (contiguous with the peritoneum) or adventitia depending on location Fig 22.5
- 4. Regions of Small Intestine SI is longest part of alimentary canal. Almost all absorption of nutrients is in SI, with a few important exceptions. Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
- 5. Regions of Small Intestine 1. Duodenum (short, 12 inches) Mostly retroperitoneal fixed shape & position Mixing bowl for chyme & ? Entry of bile duct at the duodenal papilla
- 6. Regions of Small Intestine 2. Jejunum (2.5 m long) Most of digestion Mostly superior to the ileum
- 7. Regions of Small Intestine 3. Ileum (longest at 3.5 m) Most of absorption, ends in Ileocecal valve – slit valve into large intestine (colon)
- 8. Note Bile and Pancreatic Ducts in Duodenum, Duodenal papilla Glands in Duodenum Mucus pH increase (buffer) Similar histology Peyer’s Patches AKA MALT Comparative Histology
- 9. Specialized Cells Absorptive Very active Goblet Enteroendocrine Local hormones N.B. hepatopancreatic sphincter Comparative Histology, cont’d
- 10. Cecum pocket at proximal end with Vermiform Appendix in LRQ Appendicitis p 669 Ileocecal Valve Opens when stomach is filling Prevents fecal reflux into ileum Large Intestine = Large Bowel = Colon = 1.5 meters
- 11. Ascending colon - on right, between cecum and right colic flexure Transverse colon - horizontal portion Descending colon - left side, between left colic flexure and Sigmoid colon - S bend near terminal end Large Intestine = Large Bowel = Colon = 1.5 meters
- 12. 1. Mucosa - simple columnar epith with abundant goblet cells; stratified squamous epithelium near anal canal 2. No villi 3. Longitudinal muscle layer incomplete, forms three bands or taenia coli 4. Circular muscle - forms pockets or haustra between bands 5. Anal Sphincter Large intestine, cont’d
- 13. Rectum and Anus Rectum – terminal end is anal canal - ending at the anus - which has internal involuntary sphincter and external voluntary sphincter Retroperitoneal Mucus glands Rectal and Anal valves
- 14. Blood Supply Celiac trunk - 3 branches – to liver, gallbladder, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, and spleen Superior mesenteric – to pancreas and duodenum, small intestine and part of colon Inferior mesenteric – to colon
- 15. Colorectal Polyps Generally benign Asymptomatic May bleed May be precancerous Virtual Colonoscopy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQfuAP3YqPQ&feature=related
- 16. Liver Located in RUQ, adjacent to the diaphragm, largest organ made up of 4 lobes (left and right, caudate, and quadrate) Falciform ligament (remnant of fetal blood supply Hilus (porta hepatis) – "entry" point on the visceral surface
- 17. Liver, cont’d Extremely versatile: Know a few functions? Gall bladder-storage of bile Blood supply: hepatic artery (1/3) and portal vein (2/3); Return via Central V. to vena cava
- 18. Microscopic anatomy: Liver lobules and portal triads 100,000 Lobules (the basic functional unit) Hepatocytes are arranged like spokes in a hexagonal wheel Bathed in blood of hepatic sinusoids From Portal V. and Hepatic A. Triads at each corner Kupffer Cells are phagocytic See Fig 22.23
- 19. Gall Bladder Fundus, body, neck Hepatic Duct and Cystic duct connect to form the Common Bile Duct Enters at the proximal duodenum Storage and Concentration of Bile Gall Stones
- 20. Pancreas Retroperitoneal Endocrine or exocrine gland? Both! Only 1% is endocrine Insulin, et al. Simple Cuboidal Epith arranged in Acini Digestive enzymes excreted into the pancreatic duct Common bile duct and pancreatic duct lead to duodenal ampulla and papilla Controlled by hepatopancreatic sphincter
- 21. Pancreas Acinar Cells Several types of digestive enzymes e.g., trypsin Used as diagnostic tools for pancreatitis Islets of Langerhans AKA pancreatic islets Insulin, other hormones Chapt 25