Chapter3
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Due process is a fundamental constitutional right that ensures fairness in the criminal justice system. It requires that the government respect all legal rights that are owed to a person according to the fair administration of justice. This includes fair notice of what conduct is prohibited and equal treatment under the law. Due process helps to protect against arbitrary or unfair treatment by the government.
Chapter3
- 2. List the four written sources of American criminal law.
- 3. U.S. Constitution and constitutions of the states. Statutes or laws, passed by Congress and by state legislatures, and local ordinances. Regulations created by regulatory agencies. Case law.
- 5. Explain the two basic functions of criminal law.
- 6. Protect and Punish: The Legal Function of the Law Maintain social order by protecting citizens from criminal harm Includes harms to both individuals and society in general Maintain and Teach: The Social Function of the Law Expressing public morality Teaching social boundaries
- 7. Discuss the primary goals of civil law and criminal law, and explain how these goals are realized.
- 8. Civil Law and Criminal Law ◦ Guilt and Responsibility ◦ The Burden of Proof
- 9. Felonies and Misdemeanors ◦ Degrees of Crime ◦ Types of Manslaughter ◦ Degrees of Misdemeanor ◦ Infractions
- 10. Explain the differences between crimes mala in se and mala prohibita.
- 11. Mala in se – a descriptive term for acts that are inherently wrong, regardless of whether they are prohibited by law. Mala prohibita – a descriptive term for acts that are made illegal by criminal statute and are not necessarily wrong in and of themselves.
- 12. Criminal law normally requires that the corpus delicti (the body of the crime) be proved before a person can be convicted of wrongdoing. Criminal Act - Actus reus ◦ Crimes may be acts of commission, or acts of omission, or even attempted acts.
- 13. Delineate the elements required to establish mens rea (a guilty mental state).
- 14. A wrongful mental state is as necessary as a wrongful act in establishing guilt. Includes elements of purpose, knowledge, negligence, and recklessness.
- 16. Questions: ◦ What are the requirements of proving a guilty mental state? ◦ Should the law provide for lesser punishments in cases where intent cannot be proven?
- 17. ◦ Strict Liability – offenses hold the defendant guilty even if intent to commit the offense is lacking ◦ Accomplice Liability – suspects can be charged for crimes they did not actually commit if it can be proven they acted as an accomplice ◦ Concurrence – there must be concurrence between the guilty act and the guilty intent
- 18. ◦ Causation - The criminal act must have caused the harm suffered. ◦ Attendant Circumstances – facts surrounding an event that must be proved for the event to be considered a criminal act. ◦ Harm – damages resultant from the criminal act. Inchoate offenses are conduct deemed criminal without actual harm being done.
- 19. Hate crime laws provide for greater sanctions against those who commit crimes motivated by bias based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or age.
- 20. List and briefly define the most important excuse defenses for crimes.
- 21. Excuse Defenses: Justification Defenses: These defenses apply These defenses apply when the actor lacks when the defendant the requisite mental admits to the criminal condition to form act, but argues that the act was justified. intent.
- 22. ◦ Infancy - Youthful offenders cannot understand the consequences of their actions. ◦ Insanity - A person cannot have the state of mind to commit the crime if s/he didn’t know the act was wrong, or didn’t understand the quality of the act.
- 23. Insanity is determined by: M’Naughten Rule ◦ A person is insane if they can’t distinguish right from wrong ALI/MPC Test ◦ Also known as the substantial capacity test, the defendant must lack the capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his/her conduct. Irresistible Impulse Test ◦ A person is insane if some “irresistible impulse” resulting from a mental deficiency drove him or her to commit the crime
- 25. ◦ Intoxication - When the defendant claims that the taking of intoxicants, either voluntarily or involuntarily, rendered him/her unable to form the requisite intent to commit a criminal act. ◦ Mistake Mistake of Fact Mistake of Law
- 26. Describe the four most important justification criminal defenses.
- 27. ◦ Duress - The defendant is threatened with seriously bodily harm, which induces him/her to commit the crime. ◦ Self-Defense - The legally recognized privilege to protect one’s self or property from injury by another A Reasonable Belief Duty to retreat
- 28. ◦ Necessity - Circumstances required the defendant to commit the act. ◦ Entrapment - The defendant claims (s)he was induced by police to commit the act.
- 31. Substantive Criminal Law: Law that defines the acts that the government will punish. Procedural Criminal Law: Procedures, drawn from the Bill of Rights, designed to protect the constitutional rights of individuals.
- 32. The Bill of Rights: ◦ The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights. ◦ The Bill of Rights was adopted by the states in 1791 - since then, 17 more amendments have been added. ◦ The Bill of Rights has served as the basis for procedural safeguards of the accused in the U.S.
- 33. Procedural safeguards in the U.S. Constitution include: ◦ Fourth Amendment - provides protection from unreasonable searches and seizures ◦ Fifth Amendment - requires that no one can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without “due process of the law,” including protections against double jeopardy and individuals being required to be a witness against himself or herself
- 34. ◦ Sixth Amendment - guarantees a speedy trial, a trial by jury, a public trial, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a lawyer at various stages of criminal proceedings ◦ Eighth Amendment - prohibits excessive bails, fines, and cruel and unusual punishments ◦ Fourteenth Amendment - provides due process and equal protection of the laws
- 35. Explain the importance of the due process clause in the criminal justice system.
- 36. Procedural Due Process – the constitutional requirement that the law must be carried out in a fair and orderly manner. Substantive Due Process – the constitutional requirement that laws used in accusing and convicting persons of crimes must be fair.