Chapter-3-Classification-of-Crops.pdf

CLASSIFICATION OF
CROPS
Prepared by
JAMES D. LETCHE
BSA- Crop Science

Why classify CROPS?
For order and organization
For logical naming: common names are
not adequate because they vary from
country to country, even from locality to
locality

Basis for CLASSIFICATION
 Aristotle classified plants based on
structure and size (e.g. herb, shrub, tree)
 Carolus Linnaeus classified plants
based on structure only, i.e., different
species with similar structural features
 Modern classification is based on
phylogeny (evolution of plants)

AGRONOMIC CROPS
 Grains/Cereals
 Rice – Oryza sativa
Corn – Zea mays
Wheat – Triticum aestivum
Grain sorghum – Sorghum bicolor

AGRONOMIC CROPS
 Legumes/Pulses
Mungbean – Vigna radiata
Peanut – Arachis hypogaea
Soybean – Glycine max
Chick pea – Cicer arietinum
Cowpea – Vigna unguiculata subsp.
unguiculata
Pigeon pea – Cajanus cajan

AGRONOMIC CROPS
 Fiber
Cotton – Gossypium hirsutum
Jute – Chorchorus olitorius; C.
capsularis
Kenaf – Hibiscus cannabinus
Ramie –Boehmeria nivea

AGRONOMIC CROPS
 Root
Sweet potato – Ipomoea batatas
Cassava – Manihot esculenta
 Tuber
Potato – Solanum tuberosum

AGRONOMIC CROPS
 Forage
Napier – Pennisitum purpureum
Centrosema – Centrosema pubescens
Ipil-ipil – Leucaena leucocephala
 Crops for industrial processing
 Castor bean – Ricinus communis
Tobacco –Nicotiana tabacum
Sugarcane – Saccharum officinarum

HORTICULTURAL CROPS-
VEGETABLES
 Leafy Vegetables
 Swamp cabbage; tropical spinach –
Ipomoea aquatica
Jute – Chorchorus olitorius
Lettuce – Lactuca sativa
Celery – Apium graveolens
Malabar spinach – Basella alba; B. rubra
Green Amaranth – Amaranthus viridis

VEGETABLES
 Crucifers /Brassicaceae/Cruciferae/Mustard
Family
Chinese Cabbage – Brassica rapa
Mustard – Brassica juncea
Cabbage – Brassica oleracea (capitata
group)
 Pak-choi/ pechay – Brassica chinensis
Cauliflower – Brassica oleracea (botrytis
group)
 Broccoli- Brassica oleraceae var. italica

VEGETABLES
 Root, tuber, and bulb
Radish – Raphanus sativus
Sweet potato – Ipomoea batatas
Carrot – Daucus carota
Onion – Allium cepa
Garlic – Allium sativum
Potato – Solanum tuberosum
Ginger – Zingiber officinale

VEGETABLES
 Legumes/ pulses
4-angled bean – Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus
Snap bean – Phaseolus vulgaris
Stringbean – Vigna unguiculata sbsp.
Sesquipedalis
Lima bean – Phaseolus lunatus
Hyacinth bean – Lablab purpureus

VEGETABLES
 Solanaceous
Tomato – Lycopersicum esculentum
Sweet pepper – Capsicum annuum
Eggplant – Solanum melongena
Hot pepper – Capsicum frutescens

VEGETABLES
 Cucurbits
Cucumber – Cucumis sativus
Bitter gourd – Momordica charantia
Squash – Cucurbita maxima
Bottle gourd –Lagenaria siceraria
Watermelon – Citrullus lunatus
Loofah – Luffa acutangula
Chayote – Sechium edule
Wax gourd – Benincasa hispida

VEGETABLES
 Tree vegetable
Sesban – Sesbania grandiflora
Drumstick tree – Moringa oleifera
Himbabao – Alleaenthus luzonicus

HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
DEFINITION
Fruit is a mature, ripened ovary. It contains the seed
(ripened ovule) and pericarp (the tissue that surrounds
the seed).
CLASSIFICATION
a. Simple fruit- one fruit develop from single ovary of
a flower with or without accessory parts. Ex. Corn,
Peanut
b. Aggregate fruit- collection of simple fruit
developing from apocarpus pistil of a flower
c. Multiple or composite fruits- develop from a
number of flowers from an inflorescence. Ex.
Pineapple, peach fruit.

Types of Fruits- FLESHY FRUITS (Juicy)
Berry- has an entirely fleshy ovary.
Examples: Tomatoes, dates, blueberries,
bananas, peppers, and cranberries.

Types of Fruits-
FLESHY FRUITS
(Juicy)
 Hesperidium- have
a leathery rind.
Examples: oranges,
grapefruits, lemons
and limes.

Types of Fruits- FLESHY FRUIITS
(Juicy)
 Pepo- defined by hard rind
and fleshy inner matrix.
Example: watermelons,
cantaloupe, squash, and
pumpkins.

Types of Fruits- FLESHY
FRUIITS (Juicy)
 Drupe- is a fruit with
fleshy exterior and a single
hard, stony pit surrounding
the seed.
Examples: coconut, mango

Types of Fruits- FLESHY FRUITS (Juicy)
 Pomes- have a fleshy exterior and a
center with papery carpels.
Examples: apples and pears.

Types of Fruits- DRY FRUITS may be
indehiscent or dehiscent .
Indehiscent fruits are those that do not
split open at maturity and are usually one
or two-seeded.
 Dehiscent fruits are fruits that split
open upon maturation.

Types of Fruits- DRY
FRUITS (Indehiscent
fruits)
 Achene- is a single-
seeded fruit with
seed attached only at
only one place to the
pericarp.
Examples: Sunflower
and strawberry

Types of Fruits- DRY FRUITS
(Indehiscent fruits)
 Caryopsis- a fruit is
similar to an achence;
however, the pericarp
sticks or clings to the seed.
Examples: Corn, rice, barley,
rye,

FRUITS (Indehiscent
fruits)
 Samara- is usually
single-seeded with a
membranous wing.
Examples: Maple, elm,
and ash

Types of Fruits- DRY FRUITS (Indehiscent
fruits)
 Nut- is a hard, one-seeded fruit.
Example: Oak and walnut

FRUITS (Indehiscent
fruits)
 Utricle- is like an
achene, but the ovary wall
fits loosely around the
seed.
Examples: Finger millet
and pigweed

Types of Fruits- DRY FRUITS (Indehiscent
fruits)
 Nutlet- is a small version of a nut.
Examples: Birch and hornbeam

FRUITS Dehiscent
fruits)
 Legume or pod- is
composed of a single
carpel and has two
longitudinal sutures.
Examples: soybeans,
green beans, and peas

FRUITS Dehiscent fruits)
 Follicle- is composed
of a single carpel and
splits open along one
suture.
Example: milkweed

FRUITS Dehiscent fruits)
 Capsule- is composed
of more than one carpel
that are united and form
many-seeded fruits.
Examples: Okra and
cotton

Types of Fruits- DRY FRUITS Dehiscent
fruits)
 Silique- a specialized form of capsule
in mustards.

Types of Fruits- DRY FRUITS Dehiscent
fruits)
 Pyxis- is a type of capsule with a lid that
falls from the fruit.
Example: purslane

Classification Of Crops Base On
Purpose
 Cereals/ grain crops- grown for their
grains. Eg. Rice, corn, wheat, sorghum.
 Legumes- for pods and seeds. Eg. Cowpea,
mungbean, sitao, peanut.
Root crops- for enlarged roots or tuberous
roots. Eg. Cassava and ubi
Fiber crops- grown for their fibers used in
textile, cordage, twines, sacks, bags etc. Eg.
Cotton, ramie, kenaf, jute.

Purpose
 Oil crops- grown for their oil content. Eg.
Soybean, peanut, sunflower, castor, coconut.
 Sugar crops- grown for their sugar content.
Eg. Sugarcane
 Pature/ Forage crops- used for roughage
source for animals. Eg. Paragrass, napier
grass, and ipil-ipil
 Beverage crops- used for brewing non-
alcoholic drinks. Eg. Coffee, cacao, tea

Purpose
 Spices, condiments, essences- used to
provide special flavor, color, and scent to
food, perfumes, soaps, and body dressing.
Eg. Black pepper, vanilla, citronella,
ilang-ilang
 Latex and resins- used for extracting
sap from the trunk/ stem. Eg. Rubber,
chico, pili, rimas, papaya

Purpose
 Medicinal and poison crops- with curative,
laxative and pesticidal properties. Eg.
Lagundi, sambong, tobacco
 Vegetables- usually eaten with staple
crops.
 Fruits- edible botanical fruits usually used
for dessert which maybe eaten raw, cooked or
processed form. Eg. Pineapple, cashew,
mago

Purpose
 Ornamentals- plants
cultivated mainly for their
aesthetic value,
Classification of ornamentals
 Cutflowers- grown for its
flowers. Ex. Roses
 Cut foliage- foliage provides
background in floral
arrangement. Eg. Ferns,
palmera

Purpose
 Flowering pot plants-
plants grown in containers
for their flowers usually used
for display. Eg. poinsettia
 Landscape plants- for
landscaping purposes. Eg.
White grass, song of india

Purpose
 Foliage plants- for
attractive foliage, maybe
grown indoor or outdoor for
decoration. Eg. Begonia,
philodendron
 Turf- used in lawns or
greens. Ex. Bermuda grass
and carabao grass

General Classification Of Crops
 According to growth habit
 Herbs- succelent plants with self
supporting stems, with soft stems.
 Vines- succulent or woody plants (lianas)
without self supporting stems.
 Trees- with single central stem to which
branches are attached, usually taller than
shrub.

 According to life cycle
 Annuals- complete their life cycle in 1 year or
less eg. Squash
 Biennials- plants ordinarily require 2 years or at
least part of 2 growing seasons with a dormant
period between growth stages to complete their
life cycle eg. Carrot, cabbage, celery
 Perennials- plants that do not die after
flowering but live year to year eg. trees

 According to mode of reproduction
 Sexual- plants that develop after
undergoing processes of meiosis and
fertilization in the flower to produce a
viable embryo in the seed.
 Asexual- plants that are produce by any
vegetative means not involving meiosis
and the union of gametes.

 According to light intensity requirement
 Heliophytes
- Sun-loving (light saturation at 5000 foot candles
- Ex. Banana, chrysanthemum, corn, cowpea,
cucurbits, eggplant, papaya, peanut, sugarcane.
 Sciophytes
-shade-loving (light saturation at 500 foot
candles)
- Ex. Ginger, Ferns, coffee

 Special types
 Parasites- parasitic, sucking roots
 Epiphytes- grow upon other plants
(orchids) but not parasitic
 Saprophytes- grow in places rich in
decaying organic substance.

Special Groups
 Green manure- a crop that is plowed
under while still green and growing to
improve the soil eg. Sesbania
 Cover crops- any crop grown to provide
soil cover, prevent soil erosion (wind or
water), improve soil, and control weeds.

Special Groups
 Companion crops- crop sown for
another crop and harvested separately.
The combination benefits either or both
the crops.
 Trap crop- a crop which is planted to
protect the main crop from pest by
attracting the pest to the crop itself and
later destroying it.

Special Groups
 Catch crop- a short seasoned crop
(pechay)grown immediately after failure of
the main crop (rice) to utilize residual
resources.
 Soilage- grasses that are grown, cut and
directly fed to animals.
 Silage- grasses grown, cut, fermented, and
preserved before being fed to animals.

QUESTION No.1
The other term for grain crops is derived from
which Grain Deity?
a. The Egyptian God Neper
b. The Greek Goddess Demeter
c. The Egyptian Goddess Nepit
d. The Roman Goddess Ceres

QUESTION No. 2
Cowpea is an example of family Leguminoseae.
Leguminoseae is synonymous to:
a. Papilionoideae
b. Fabaceae
c. Pedaliaceae
d. All of the above

QUESTION No. 3
Grass family is the same with
I. Gramineae II. Poaceae III. Monocotyledonae
a. I and II is True
b. I and II is False
c. III is True
d. all of the above

QUESTION No. 4
Which of the following crops is not under the
family Leguminoseae?
a. Pachyrrhizus erosus
b. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
c. Sesbania grandiflora
d. Sesamum indicum

QUESTION No. 5
Which of the following root crops thrives best in
cool condition particularly in the highlands of
Benguet, Mt. Province?
a. potato
b. carrot
c. cassava
d. A & B

QUESTION No. 6
Pomology is the study of fruit crops whereas
olericulture is the study of ________.
a. ornamental crops
b. plantation crops
c. vegetable crops
d. oil crops

QUESTION No. 7
A leguminous crop that produces pods and
produces edible fleshy roots.
a. Arachis hypogaea
b. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
c. Pachyrrhizus erosus
d. Cajanus cajan

QUESTION No. 8
Most economically important plants are:
a. Xerophytes
b. Hydrophytes
c. Mesophytes
d. Halophytes

QUESTION No. 9
A fruit with undesirable odor. It is commonly
produced in the island of Mindanao
a. Durio zibethinus
b. Lansium domesticum
c. Artocarpus altilis
d. Averrhoa bilimbi

QUESTION No. 10
Which does not belong to this group of fruit
crops?
a. lanzones
b. dragon fruit
c. durian
d. rambutan

QUESTION No. 11
A crop that requires support for upright growth is
vine if non-woody, what if woody
a. determinate
b. prostrate
c. liana
d. shrubs

QUESTION No. 12
In the folk song “Bahay Kubo”, how many crops
under Leguminoseae family are mentioned?
a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7

QUESTION No. 13
Which among the following are the two
agronomical/ field crops that are mentioned in
the folk song “Bahay Kubo”?
a. batao at patani
b. singkamas at linga
c. mani at linga
d. sigarilyas at mani

QUESTION No. 14
Which of the following crops can be categorized
as fruit and vegetable crops?
a. Carica papaya
b. Artocarpus heterophyllus
c. Tamarindus indicus
d. A & B

QUESTION No. 15
Which of the following crops can be categorized
as agronomic and horticultural crops under
Philippine condition?
a. Vigna radiata
b. Carica papaya
c. Zea mays
d. A & C

QUESTION No. 16
Which of the following crops differs in terms of
cultural management practices?
a. Solanum melongena
b. Solanum tuberosum
c. Capsicum frutescens
d. Lycopersicum esculentum

QUESTION No. 17
This is an annual crop and use as the staple food
of many Filipinos. The national research institute
for this crop is located in Science City of Munoz,
Nueva Ecija.
a. Oryza sativa
b. Zea mays
c. Vigna radiata
d. Arachis hypogaea

QUESTION No. 18
The crops below are under the Fabaceae family.
This crop has a seed which looks like the head of
the chicken.
a. Cajanus cajan
b. Phaseolus lunatus
c. Cicer arietinum
d. Vigna sinensis

QUESTION No. 19
It is considered by many people in Southeast
Asia as the “king of fruits” because of its large
size, strong odor, and formidable thorn-covered
husk.
a. Durio zibethenus
b. Lansium domesticum
c. Artocarpus altilis
d. Averrhoa bilimbi

QUESTION No. 20
In English word, what are the solanaceous crops
mentioned in the folk song “Bahay Kubo”?
a. Sweet pepper and hot pepper
b. Sweet potato and white potato
c. eggplant and tomato
d. all crops mentioned below

QUESTION No. 21
The crop that twine due to certain parts of the
crop that touches an external stimulus the
tendency is to wrap or go around the stimulus.
a. Mungbean
b. Soybean
c. Peanut
d. Longbean

QUESTION No. 22
Bittergourd is a plant that their shoots continue
to grow until the plant senescences. The type of
growth habit is________.
a. Indeterminate
b. Perennial
c. Determinate
d. Biennial

QUESTION No. 23
The crops below are examples of grass family.
Majority of these crops mature in 105-120 days.
What crop has longer maturity?
a. Triticum aestivum
b. Oryza sativa
c. Zea mays
d. Saccharum officinarum

QUESTION No. 24
It is the primary ingredient in the preparation of
breads. This crop is imported from temperate
countries
a. Triticum aestivum
b. Sorghum bicolor
c. Solanum tuberosum
d. Glycine max

QUESTION No. 25
Select crops which can be classified both as an
organic crops and horticultural crops based on
their uses under Philippine condition
a. Rice
b. Sorghum
c. Mungbean
d. Peanut

QUESTION No. 26
Grass family is the same with (I) Graminae (II)
Poacea (III) Monocotyledonae
a. I and II are true
b. I and II are false
c. III is true
d. All are true

QUESTION No. 27
An example of pulse crop is:
a. Cowpea
b. Squash
c. Tomato
d. Eggplant

QUESTION No. 28
Among these vegetables which is not under the
family Leguminosae
a. Phaseolus lunatus
b. Vigna unguiculata
c. Lagenaria siceraria
d. Phaseolus vulgaris

QUESTION No. 29
These are annual herbaceous plants that are
grown on the farm under extensive or large scale
culture
a. Agronomic or field crops
b. Ornamental crops
c. Vegetable crops
d. Pomological crops

QUESTION No. 30
Example of plant that has tendrils
a. Squash
b. Cowpea
c. Eggplant
d. Tomato

QUESTION No. 31
A plant capable of growing in salty soils
a. Halophytes
b. Sciophytes
c. Heliophytes
d. None of the above

QUESTION No. 32
Which is not a root crop?
a. Sweet potato
b. Yam
c. Potato
d. Cassava

QUESTION No. 33
Which does not belong to the group?
a. Centrosema
b. Siratro
c. Stylosanthes
d. Paragrass

QUESTION No. 34
Which is not under the family Leguminosae?
a. Phaseolus lunatus
b. Vigna unguiculata
c. Lagenaria siceraria
d. Phaseolus vulgaris

QUESTION No. 35
An example of small fruit is
a. Pineapple
b. Lanzones
c. Tamarind
d. Duhat

REFERENCES
1. GREEN EMPIRE. 2016. Licensure Examination in
Agriculture Reviewer (Crop Science)
2. TAMAYO NV and AGUSTIN AL. 2017.
Classification of crops. 2017 ALE Review,
Department of Crop Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University

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