chapter4(four ).disaster .power point ..
- 1. 10/01/2025 1 Declaration of Disaster • The social disorganization following a disaster , the number & types of responding organizations and groups create the need for a well-ordered mass response system. • In order to mobilize these organizations, a declaration of disaster is initiated according to an increasing level of emergency (disaster). Chapter - 4: Prevention & Control of Disaster
- 2. 10/01/2025 2 Relief Plan & Health Intervention Relief have to take place immediately; there can be no delays. Relief is the provision on a humanitarian basis of material aid and emergency medical care necessary to save and preserve human lives. It also enables families to meet their basic needs for medical and health care, shelter, clothing, water, and food (including the means to prepare food)
- 3. 10/01/2025 3 Relief Plan & Health Intervention… • Adopting a multi-hazard approach to disaster risk management that includes epidemics & other biological hazards • Re-orienting the current focus on post-epidemic response towards prevention in managing health effects of disasters • Integrating health concerns in hazard control measures such as health implications of large open flood control water channels • Developing strategies for epidemic preparedness & emergency action
- 4. 10/01/2025 4 Objectives of Health Disaster preparedness & Response • To prevent excess mortality by impact, rescue, relief , appropriate health care & disruption . • To provide appropriate & timely health care for causalities, malnutrition & comm. Diseases. • To prevent exposure to adverse climatic & environmental conditions. • To prevent long term & short term disaster related morbidities. • Reestablishment of health services to or above the pre- disaster level. • Response: plans developed in the preparedness phase are put into action
- 5. 10/01/2025 5 Phases of Disaster Pre-Disaster Phase Non-Disaster & Inter Disaster Phase Post- Disaster Epidemiolo gical Surveillance Early Warning Implementation of Protective Measures Initial Rapid Assessment Management of Mass Causalities & Acute Illness Disaster Control Activities Environ mental Health Manage ment Rehabi litation
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- 7. 10/01/2025 7 Non- Disaster & Inter Disaster Phase • Learn about what disasters may happen in your destination • Plan what to do in a crisis Initial Rapid Assessment 1) Collecting baseline information for environmental impact assessment 2) Analyzing information to identify priority issues and 3) Reviewing relief activities in order to mitigate potential negative environmental impacts
- 8. 10/01/2025 8 Pre- Disaster phase • Period before the disaster strikes • Used to assess how often a particular community is exposed to different risks( risk mapping) and how good is their preparedness • Protective actions can be under taken based on the disaster warning & resources. eg: Temporary shelters, stockings of basic supplies
- 9. 10/01/2025 9 Early Warning Warning refers to information concerning the nature of the danger and imminent disaster threats Warnings must be rapidly disseminated to government officials, institutions and the population at large in the areas at immediate risk so that appropriate actions may be taken, namely, either to evacuate or secure property and prevent further damage. Could be disseminated via radio, television, the written press, telephone system and cell phone Management of Mass Casualty & Acute illness Mass Casualty Management is the care and transport of casualties when the number of casualties exceed available resources.
- 10. 10/01/2025 10 Initial Rapid Assessment Responders classify each victim involved in a mass casualty incident into the following categories for treatment needs: • Green (minimal) • Yellow (delayed) • Red (immediate) • Black (dead)
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- 13. 10/01/2025 13 Logical sequence of Disaster cycle: Disaster Impact Response Rehabilitation Mitigation
- 14. 10/01/2025 Post disaster epidemiological surveillance Surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and distribution/dissemination of health related data (injuries,illness,death) in an ongoing basis in a defined population for monitoring the occurrence and trends of disease Surveillance provides ‘information for action’ which can be used to investigate, prevent and control disease in a community 14
- 15. 10/01/2025 15 Disaster surveillance is an epidemiology tool that assesses health effects, monitors the effectiveness of relief efforts, responds to public concerns and media inquiries, and assists in planning for future disasters. Disaster surveillance answers the following questions: which problems are occurring, where and why they are occurring, who is impacted, and what problems are causing the most injury, illness, or death.
- 16. 10/01/2025 16 Uses of Epidemiological surveillance To estimate magnitude of the problem To monitor the health of a population & identify the priority health needs To follow disease trends for early detection and control of outbreaks To assist in planning and implementing health programs To ensure resources are targeted to the most vulnerable groups To monitor the quality of health care To Evaluate / monitor program intervention Generate hypotheses, stimulate research
- 17. 10/01/2025 17 In emergency conditions, the routine disease surveillance system is either not up to the task, is disrupted as a direct consequence of the disaster, or cannot provide data quickly enough for timely decisions to be taken. It is recommended that a local, syndrome-based surveillance system be prepared at the national level and temporarily instituted in the disaster aftermath. It should be a more flexible and faster reporting system than used in normal conditions.
- 18. 10/01/2025 Principles… Coordinate the relief surveillance of communicable disease with activities of national health authorities Strengthen the reporting systems Strengthen the documentation system at the central level, in hospitals and clinics at the intermediate level 18
- 19. 10/01/2025 Steps… 1. Identification of diseases to be monitored & selecting suitable indicators 2. Delineation of the areas affected by the disaster. 3. Rapid statistical sampling of sites 4. Rapid, gross detection of cases 5. Monitoring & reporting by local health services of the selected diseases 6. Data interpretation at National level by health unit of disaster-affected country that is experienced in data analysis & has direct access 7. Investigation of any "unusual" occurrence of disease by local health workers, assisted when necessary by epidemiologists. 19
- 20. 10/01/2025 Dissemination of surveillance data Disseminate to: • Those who provide the reports (health providers) • The community – affected/potentially affected • Decision makers Disseminate report locally, nationally or globally; as deemed necessary Disseminate report timely and regularly Disseminate through appropriate media 20
- 21. 10/01/2025 21 Surveillance challenges in a disaster setting Even if , disaster-related morbidity and mortality surveillance has many uses, it is important to take into account that data must be collected rapidly under poor conditions and be pulled together quickly in a logical format while potentially being hindered by forces beyond your control. 1. Missing/nonexistent baseline data 2. Difficulty obtaining denominator data 3. Damaged infrastructure 4. Lack of standardization in data collection and reporting 5. Competing priorities (End of the chapter)
Editor's Notes
- #14: Surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of injuries, illnesses, and deaths for planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice.31 Surveillance enables public health to track and identify any adverse health effects in the community.32
- #15: As an epidemiologist, your role in disaster surveillance is to define and detect outbreaks and health problems, estimate the magnitude of a health problem, identify groups at risk for negative health outcomes, inform and monitor the effectiveness of response and relief efforts, or assist with planning for future disasters and recommend ways of decreasing the consequences of future disasters.
- #16: Monitoring health events: Detect sudden changes in disease occurrence To follow secular (long-term) trends of diseases To identify changes in agents and host factors To detect change in health care practice Post-impact needs assessment provides information necessary to begin recovery The first step is to assess community capacities and vulnerabilities, including physical environment (i.e. intact infrastructure, resources), social conditions (i.e. existing organizations, support, networks), and population attitude towards and motivation to recover Why should you conduct surveillance during a disaster? To follow trends in the health status of a population over time To detect and respond to epidemics/outbreaks To establish health care and public health priorities To ensure those with greatest need are prioritized To evaluate the effectiveness of programs and services
- #21: 1.Potential solution: Missing baseline data is a very difficult challenge to overcome. While a perfect solution may not exist, when possible, you should gather available data through previously established surveillance systems, published data, census records, or surveys of the affected population.