Chapter6consumer perception-091011084921-phpapp01
- 1. Chapter 6 Consumer Perception Consumer Behavior, Ninth Edition Schiffman & Kanuk Copyright 2007 by Prentice Hall
- 2. Chapter Outline • Elements of Perception • Aspects of Perception – Selection – Organization – Interpretation 6-2
- 3. Perception • The process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world • How we see the world around us 6-3
- 4. Elements of Perception • Sensation • Absolute threshold • Differential threshold • Subliminal perception 6-4
- 5. Sensation • The immediate and direct response of the sensory organs to stimuli • A stimulus is any unit of input to any of the senses. • The absolute threshold is the lowest level at which an individual can experience a sensation. 6-5
- 6. Differential Threshold • Minimal difference that can be detected between two similar stimuli • Also known as the just noticeable difference (the j.n.d.) 6-6
- 7. Weber’s Law • The j.n.d. between two stimuli is not an absolute amount but an amount relative to the intensity of the first stimulus • Weber’s law states that the stronger the initial stimulus, the greater the additional intensity needed for the second stimulus to be perceived as different. 6-7
- 8. Marketing Applications of the J.N.D. • Marketers need to determine the relevant j.n.d. for their products – so that negative changes are not readily discernible to the public – so that product improvements are very apparent to consumers 6-8
- 9. Discussion Question • How might a cereal manufacturer such as Kellogg’s use the j.n.d. for Fruit Loops in terms of: – Product decisions – Packaging decisions – Advertising decisions – Sales promotion decisions. 6-9
- 10. Subliminal Perception • Stimuli that are too weak or too brief to be consciously seen or heard may be strong enough to be perceived by one or more receptor cells. 6 - 10
- 11. Is Subliminal Persuasion Effective? • Extensive research has shown no evidence that subliminal advertising can cause behavior changes • Some evidence that subliminal stimuli may influence affective reactions 6 - 11
- 12. Aspects of Perception Selection Organization Interpretation 6 - 12
- 13. Aspects of Perception Selection Organization Interpretation 6 - 13
- 14. Perceptual Selection • Consumers subconsciously are selective as to what they perceive. • Stimuli selected depends on two major factors – Consumers’ previous experience – Consumers’ motives • Selection depends on the – Nature of the stimulus – Expectations – Motives 6 - 14
- 15. Discussion Questions • What marketing stimuli do you remember from your day so far? • Why do you think you selected these stimuli to perceive and remember? 6 - 15
- 16. Perceptual Selection Concepts • Selective • Consumers seek out Exposure messages which: • Selective – Are pleasant – They can sympathize Attention – Reassure them of • Perceptual good purchases Defense • Perceptual Blocking 6 - 16
- 17. Perceptual Selection Concepts • Selective • Heightened Exposure awareness when • Selective stimuli meet their Attention needs • Perceptual • Consumers prefer different messages Defense and medium • Perceptual Blocking 6 - 17
- 18. Perceptual Selection Concepts • Selective • Screening out of Exposure stimuli which are • Selective threatening Attention • Perceptual Defense • Perceptual Blocking 6 - 18
- 19. Perceptual Selection Concepts • Selective • Consumers avoid Exposure being bombarded • Selective by: – Tuning out Attention – TiVo • Perceptual Defense • Perceptual Blocking 6 - 19
- 20. Aspects of Perception Selection Organization Interpretation 6 - 20
- 21. Organization Principles • Figure and • People tend to ground organize perceptions • Grouping into figure-and-ground • Closure relationships. • The ground is usually hazy. • Marketers usually design so the figure is the noticed stimuli. 6 - 21
- 22. Lacoste’s campaign uses a very plain ground so the symbol weblink really shows.
- 23. Organization Principles • Figure and • People group stimuli ground to form a unified • Grouping impression or • Closure concept. • Grouping helps memory and recall. 6 - 23
- 24. Organization Principles • Figure and • People have a need for ground closure and organize • Grouping perceptions to form a • Closure complete picture. • Will often fill in missing pieces • Incomplete messages remembered more than complete 6 - 24
- 25. Discussion Question • Do you agree you remember more of what you have NOT completed? • How might a local bank use this in their advertising? 6 - 25
- 26. Aspects of Perception Selection Organization Interpretation 6 - 26
- 27. Interpretation Perceptual Distortion • Physical • Positive attributes of Appearances people they know to • Stereotypes those who resemble • First them • Important for model Impressions selection • Jumping to • Attractive models Conclusions are more persuasive • Halo Effect for some products 6 - 27
- 28. Dove’s campaign stresses the everyday woman. weblink 6 - 28
- 29. Interpretation Perceptual Distortion • Physical • People hold Appearances meanings related to • Stereotypes stimuli • Stereotypes • First Impressions influence how stimuli are perceived • Jumping to Conclusions • Halo Effect 6 - 29
- 30. Putting a “Face” on Customer Service weblink 6 - 30
- 31. Interpretation Perceptual Distortion • Physical • First impressions Appearances are lasting • Stereotypes • The perceiver is • First trying to determine Impressions which stimuli are relevant, important, • Jumping to or predictive Conclusions • Halo Effect 6 - 31
- 32. Interpretation Perceptual Distortion • Physical • People tend not to Appearances listen to all the • Stereotypes information before • First making conclusion • Important to put Impressions persuasive • Jumping to arguments first in Conclusions advertising • Halo Effect 6 - 32
- 33. Interpretation Perceptual Distortion • Physical • Consumers perceive Appearances and evaluate multiple • Stereotypes objects based on just • First one dimension • Used in licensing of Impressions names • Jumping to • Important with Conclusions spokesperson choice • Halo Effect 6 - 33
- 34. The halo effect helps Adidas break into new product categories. 6 - 34
- 35. Issues in Consumer Imagery • Product Positioning and Repositioning • Positioning of Services • Perceived Price • Perceived Quality • Retail Store Image • Manufacturer Image • Perceived Risk 6 - 35
- 36. Positioning • Establishing a specific image for a brand in the consumer’s mind • Product is positioned in relation to competing brands • Conveys the concept, or meaning, of the product in terms of how it fulfills a consumer need • Result of successful positioning is a distinctive, positive brand image 6 - 36
- 37. Positioning Techniques • Umbrella • Finding an Positioning “Unowned” Position • Positioning against • Filling Several Competition Positions • Positioning Based • Repositioning on a Specific Benefit 6 - 37
- 38. Perceptual Mapping • A research technique that enables marketers to plot graphically consumers’ perceptions concerning product attributes of specific brands 6 - 38
- 39. Perceptual Mapping Figure 6.14 6 - 39
- 40. Issues in Perceived Price • Reference prices – used as a basis for comparison in judging another price – Internal – External • Acquisition and transaction utility • One study offers three types of pricing strategies based on perception of value. 6 - 40
- 41. Three Pricing Strategies Focused on Perceived Value (Table 6-1) Pricing Provides Value By… Implemented As… Strategy Satisfaction-based Recognizing and reducing Service guarantees pricing customers’ perceptions of Benefit-driven pricing uncertainly, which the Flat-rate pricing intangible nature of services magnifies Relationship Encouraging long-term Long-term contracts pricing relationships with the Price bundling company that customers view as beneficial Efficiency pricing Sharing with customers the Cost-leader pricing. cost savings that the company has achieved by understanding, managing, and reducing the costs of providing the service 6 - 41
- 42. Acquisition-Transaction Utility • Acquisition utility • Transaction utility – The consumer’s – The perceived perceived economic pleasure or gain or loss displeasure associated with the associated with the purchase financial aspect of – Function of product the purchase utility and purchase – Determined by the price difference between the internal reference price and the purchase price 6 - 42
- 43. Perceived Quality • Perceived Quality of Products – Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Cues • Perceived Quality of Services • Price/Quality Relationship 6 - 43
- 44. Perceived Quality of Services • Difficult due to characteristics of services – Intangible – Variable – Perishable – Simultaneously Produced and Consumed • SERVQUAL scale used to measure gap between customers’ expectation of service and perceptions of actual service 6 - 44
- 45. A Scale Measuring Customer’s Perception of Call Center Employees (Table 6-4) ATTENTIVENESS 1. The agent did not make an attentive impression. 2. The agent used short, affirmative words and sounds to indicate that (s)he was really listening. PERCEPTIVENESS 1. The agent asked for more details and extra information during the conversation. 2. The agent continually attempted to understand what I was saying. 3. The agent paraphrased what had been said adequately. RESPONSIVENESS 1. The agent offered relevant information to the questions I asked. 2. The agent used full sentences in his or her answers instead of just saying yes or no. 3. The agent did not recognize what information I needed. TRUST 1. I believe that this company takes customer calls seriously. 2. I feel that this company does not respond to customer problems with understanding. 3. This company is ready and willing to offer support to customers. 4. I can count on this company to be sincere.
- 46. Table 6-4 (continued) SATISFACTION I am satisfied with the level of service the agent provided I am satisfied with the way I was spoken to by the agent. I am satisfied with the information I got from the agent. The telephone call with this agent was a satisfying experience. CALL INTENTION I will very likely contact this company again. Next time I have any questions I will not hesitate to call again. I would not be willing to discuss problems I have with this company over the phone.
- 47. Price/Quality Relationship • The perception of price as an indicator of product quality (e.g., the higher the price, the higher the perceived quality of the product.) 6 - 47
- 48. Perceived Risk • The degree of uncertainty perceived by the consumer as to the consequences (outcome) of a specific purchase decision • Types – Functional Risk – Physical Risk – Financial Risk – Psychological Risk – Time Risk 6 - 48
- 49. How Consumers Handle Risk • Seek Information • Stay Brand Loyal • Select by Brand Image • Rely on Store Image • Buy the Most Expensive Model • Seek Reassurance 6 - 49