chapter_10__handwritingchgbg_analysis.ppt
- 1. 4th amendment – make 2 copies on 2 separate pieces of lined paper o The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
- 2. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 2 Chapter 10 Handwriting Analysis, Forgery, and Counterfeiting By the end of this chapter you will be able to: o Describe 12 types of handwriting characteristics that can be analyzed in a document o Demonstrate an example of each of the 3 types of handwriting traits o Identify the major goal of a forensic handwriting analysis All Rights Reserved South-Western / Cengage Learning © 2012, 2009
- 3. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 3 Chapter 10 Handwriting Analysis, Forgery, and Counterfeiting By the end of this chapter you will be able to: o Distinguish between the terms forgery and fraudulence o Identify several ways that businesses prevent check forgery o Describe 4 features of paper currency that are used to detect counterfeit bills
- 4. Chapter 10 Handwriting Analysis, Forgery, and Counterfeiting – VOCAB. o Counterfeiting o Questioned document o Document expert o Document analysis o Exemplar o Forgery o Fraudulence o graphology Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 4
- 5. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 5 Introduction Introduction o Examine and compare questioned documents with known material o Field investigations include: • Handwriting • Computer printouts • Commercial printing • Paper and ink • Threatening, ransom, or suicide notes o Analysis helps identify a document’s author
- 6. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 6 History of Forensic History of Forensic Handwriting Analysis Handwriting Analysis o 1930s—handwriting analysis played a role in the famous Lindbergh case. o 1999—the US Court of Appeals determined that handwriting analysis qualifies as a form of expert testimony o To be admissible in court, scientifically accepted guidelines must be followed o Scotland Yard, the FBI, and the Secret Service use handwriting analysis
- 7. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 7 Introduction to Handwriting Introduction to Handwriting Everyone’s handwriting shows natural variations. Here are 6 of the 12 major, specific traits.
- 8. 1. Line quality-the letters flow or are erratic and shaky Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 8
- 9. 2. Spacing: the letters are equally spaced or crowded Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 9
- 10. 3. Size consistency: the ratio of height to width is consistent or inconsistent Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 10
- 11. 4. Continuous Is the writing continuous or does the writer lift the pen?
- 12. 5. Connecting Letters: Are capitals and lower-case letters connected and continuous?
- 13. 6. Letters Complete: Are letters completely formed? Or, is a part of the letter missing?
- 14. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 14 Introduction to Handwriting Introduction to Handwriting The traits are functions of formatting or of letter or line form. Here are the other 6 of the 12 major, specific traits.
- 15. 7. Cursive and Printed Letters Are there printed letters, cursive letters, or both?
- 16. 8. Pen Pressure Is pressure equal when applied to upward and downward strokes?
- 17. 9. Slant Left, right, or variable?
- 18. 10. Line Habits Is the text on the line, above the line, or below the line?
- 19. 11. Fancy Curls or Loops Are there fancy curls?
- 20. 12. Diacritics – crosses and dots Correct or misplaced? Are t’s crossed, crossed in the middle, toward top, or toward the bottom? Are i’s dotted, dotted toward the right, left, or centered?
- 21. Activity 10-1 Comparison of Handwriting Samples o Grab your text book and go to page 294 for the procedure
- 22. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 22 Handwriting Examination Handwriting Examination 1. Two writings came from one person if: • their similarities are unique and • no unexplainable difference(s) are found 2. Examine the questionable document for detectable traits and record them 3. Obtain a known sample of the suspect’s writing (an exemplar) 4. Compare and draw conclusions about the authorship of the questionable document
- 23. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 23 Technology Used in Technology Used in Handwriting Analysis Handwriting Analysis o Biometric Signature Pads • “Learns” to recognize how a person signs • Evaluates speed, pressure, and rhythm of the signature • Recognizes forgeries by the detection of even slight differences o Computerized Analysis • Compares handwriting samples objectively • Compared with samples stored in databases
- 24. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 24 Handwriting Handwriting o Evidence in the Courtroom • Expert explains how comparisons were made • Cross-examination by defense attorney may follow o Shortcomings in Analysis • Are the base documents real or fake? • Did mood, age, fatigue impact the handwriting? • Did experts miss details any details?
- 25. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 25 Forgery Forgery o Forged documents include: • checks • employment records • legal agreements • licenses • wills o Fraudulence—forgery for material gain
- 26. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 26 Forgery Forgery o Check forgery can include: • ordering another’s checks from a deposit slip • altering a check • intercepting another’s check, altering, and cashing it • creating a check from scratch
- 27. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 27 Preventing Check Forgery Preventing Check Forgery o Chemically sensitive paper o Large font size requires more ink and makes alterations more difficult o High resolution borders that are difficult to copy o Multiple color patterns o Embed fibers that glow under different light o Use chemical wash detection systems that change color when a check is altered
- 28. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 28 Literary Forgery Literary Forgery o Best forgeries aim to duplicate the materials found in the original: • old paper • chemically treated materials to fake an older look • inks mixed from substances that would have been used at the time • watermarks that add the appearance of age • tools and styles that would have been popular at the time
- 29. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 29 Counterfeiting Counterfeiting o A criminal activity existing since antiquity o Items commonly forged today include: • Currency • Traveler’s checks • Food stamps • Certain bonds • Postage stamps
- 30. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 30 Counterfeit Currency Counterfeit Currency o Security features are added to paper currency that scanning cannot reproduce o Regular printer paper contains starch. o Paper currency contains rag fiber instead of starch.
- 31. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 31 Counterfeit vs. Authentic Counterfeit vs. Authentic
- 32. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 32 Verifying Verifying Authentic Currency Authentic Currency New security features: 1. Portrait stands out and appears raised off the paper 2. Contains clear red and blue fibers woven throughout the bill 3. Has clear, distinct border edges 4. Treasury seal is shown with clear, sharp saw-tooth points 5. Watermark appears on the right side of the bill in the light
- 33. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 33 Verifying Verifying Authentic Currency Authentic Currency New security features: 6. The security thread is evident—a thin embedded vertical strip with the denomination of the bill printed in it 7. There is minute printing on the security threads, as well as around the portrait 8. When the bill is tilted, the number in the lower right- hand corner makes a color shift from copper to green
- 34. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 34 Examples of Security Features Examples of Security Features
- 35. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary o Handwriting analysis compares questioned documents with exemplars to establish authorship. o Aspects of a person’s handwriting style can be analyzed to ascertain authenticity. o Many new features of paper currency help prevent counterfeiting. o Technological advances have enhanced chances of detecting forged documents.