2. ENERGY
2
Energy defines as “ability to do work” OR
“capacity to do work”
Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic
development of any country.
In the case of the developing countries, the energy
sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever
increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to
meet them.
3. VARIOUS UNITS OF ENERGY
3
l Btu=1055.1 J
1 kWh=3.6 MJ
l cal=4.186 J
Jules
British Thermal Units(Btu)
Kilowatt-hours (Kwh)
Calorie
Tones of oil equivalent (Toe)
4. 4
SOURCES OF ENERGY
Energy can be classified into several types based on the
following criteria:
• Primary and Secondary energy
• Commercial and Non commercial energy
• Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
Primary energy sources are those that are either
found or stored in nature.
Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural
gas
Secondary energy source This is an energy source
which does not exist in nature but is produced from a
primary energy source, such as electricity generated
from the burning of fossil fuels.
5. Crude oil,
Hard
Coal, Natural
Gas, Nuclear
etc.
Biomass,
wind,
hydro, tide
etc.
Bio fuels
etc.
Petroleum
products,
manufactured
solid
fuels and gases
etc.
Waste
Electricity and
heat
Transformation
To
consumption
PRIMARY ENERGY
SECONDARY
ENERGY
5
6. 6
Commercial energy The energy sources that are available
in the market for a definite price are known as commercial
energy resources.
Eg: Coal, Petroleum, Electricity, etc.
Non Commercial energy The energy resources that are not
available in the market for a definite price are called as non
commercial energy resources.
Eg. Firewood, cattle waste, agricultural waste, etc.
7. 7
Commercial energy Non Commercial energy
The commercial energy has
great economic value.
This energy pollutes the
environment badly.
This types of energy are
limited in nature.
High capital investment is
required in the purification.
It is used in urban as well as
rural areas.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas
and nuclear energy.
The non-commercial energy
is cheaper.
This is pure and keeps the
environment clean.
Abundant in nature.
It can be used in raw form.
It is dominantly used in rural
areas.
Cow dung, charcoal, firewood
and agricultural waste.
8. 8
“Non-Renewable ”
(Conventional)
Coal, Oil, Gas, Nuclear
“Renewable ”
(Non-Conventional)
Solar ,Wind, Bio gas
Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that
are essentially inexhaustible.
Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels
such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete with
time.
13. COAL SUPPLY
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Coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing to 55% of the
total primary energy production. Over the years, there has been a
marked increase in the share of natural gas in primary energy
production from 10% in 1994 to 13% in 1999. There has been a
decline in the share of oil in primary energy production from 20%
to 17% during the same period.
India has huge coal reserves, at least 84,396 million tonnes of
proven recoverable reserves (at the end of 2003). This amounts to
almost 8.6% of the world reserves and it may last for about 230
years at the current Reserve to Production (R/P) ratio. In contrast,
the world’s proven coal reserves are expected to last only for 192
years at the current R/P ratio.
14. 14
COAL SUPPLY
Reserves/Production (R/P) ratio- If the reserves remaining at the
end of the year are divided by the production in that year, the
result is the length of time that the remaining reserves would last
if production were to continue at that level.
India is the fourth largest producer of coal and lignite in the
world.
Coal production is concentrated in these states (Andhra Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Jharkhand, West Bengal).
15. 15
Oil accounts for about 36 % of India's total energy
consumption.
India today is one of the top ten oil-guzzling nations in the
world and will soon overtake Korea as the third largest
consumer of oil in Asia after China and Japan.
The country’s annual crude oil production is peaked at about
32 million tonne as against the current peak demand of about
110 million tonne.
OIL SUPPLY
In the current scenario, India’s oil consumption by end of
2007 is expected to reach 136 million tonne(MT), of which
domestic production will be only 34 MT. India will have to
pay an oil bill of roughly $50 billion
16. 16
Natural gas accounts for about 8.9 per cent of energy
consumption in the country. The current demand for natural
gas is about 96 million cubic metres per day (mcmd) as
against availability of 67 mcmd. By 2007, the demand is
expected to be around 200 mcmd. Natural gas reserves are
estimated at 660 billion cubic meters.
NATURAL GAS SUPPLY
17. INDIA - FOSSIL FUEL RESERVES
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Data Source Plg Comm IEPC, 2006
18. ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND AIR
POLLUTION
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SO2
NOx
CO
SPM
CO2
CFC
Modification of Atmospheric properties/processes
Photochemical Smog
Precipitation Acidity
Visibility
Corrosion Potential
Radiation Balance Alteration
Ultraviolet energy absorption
19. NEED FOR ALTERNATIVES
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Fossil fuel reserves limited
India - 17% of World population, 4% of primary energy
Present pattern – predominantly fossil based
(87% comm., 64% total)
52% of households un electrified
Linkage between energy services and quality of
life
22. ENERGY CONSERVATION
OBJECTIVE
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Broadly energy conservation program initiated at micro or macro
level will have the following objectives of manufactured goods
(either lower process or increased) availability and profitability, and
in consequence raise the standard of living both of the workers in
industry and of those who buy the products.
a) To reduce imports of energy and reduce the drain on foreign
exchange.
b) To improve exports of manufactured goods (either lower process
or increased availability helping sales) or of energy, or both.
c) To reduce environmental pollution per unit of industrial output -
as carbon dioxide, smoke, sulphur dioxide, dust, grit or as coal mine
discard for example.
d) Thus reducing the costs that pollution incurs either directly as
damage, or as needing, special measures to combat it once
pollutants are produced.
e) Generally to relieve shortage and improve development
23. ENERGY CONSERVATION
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Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency are separate, but
related concepts.
Energy conservation is achieved when growth of energy
consumption is reduced, measured in physical terms.
Energy Conservation can, therefore, be the result of several
processes or developments, such as productivity increase or
technological progress.
Energy efficiency is achieved when energy intensity in a
specific product, process or area of production or consumption is
reduced without affecting output, consumption or comfort
levels.
24. 24
Promotion of energy efficiency will
contribute to energy conservation
and is therefore an integral part of
energy conservation promotional
policies.
Energy efficiency is often viewed
as a resource option like coal, oil
or natural gas. It provides
additional economic value by
preserving the resource base and
reducing pollution. For example,
replacing traditional light bulbs
with Compact Fluorescent Lamps
(CFLs) means you will use only
1/4th of the energy to light a room.
Pollution levels also reduce by the
same amount
Energy efficiency means
using less energy to perform
the same function.
26. PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION
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Some general principles of energy conservation are explained below
1. Recycling of energy from waste
2. Waste heat utilization
3. Modernization of technology
4. Total energy cogeneration
5. Training of man power
6. Proper operation and maintenance
7. Judicial use of proper types of energy and fuel
27. RECYCLING OF ENERGY FROM
WASTE
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Discarded, rejected, scrapped, waste material contains valuable
and useful materials. The same can be separated and reused in
economical manner. Recycling is a process of recovering usable
material from waste, processing it to required acceptable
specification and reintroduce in the economy for use.
The advantages of recycling are as:
The problem of waste disposal and environmental degradation due
to discarded material is minimized economically.
Saving of energy as the energy spent in recycling is only a fraction
of the energy needed in extraction of fresh material from new
source.
Conventional resources of new material are saved.
Example, recycling of waste papers into new papers saves precious
trees which form raw material for paper production.
28. WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION
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Various industrial processes require heat of different grades.
Waste heat from one process can serve the need of another,
which requires heat at a lower grade.
The energy consumption can be reduced by adoption energy
efficient modern technology. Developed countries have been
able to reduce the energy consumption significantly compared
to be developing countries by adopting energy efficient
modern technology.
MODERNIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY
29. ENERGY STRATEGY FOR THE
FUTURE
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The energy strategy for the future could be classified into
immediate, medium-term and long-term strategy. The
various components of these strategies are listed below:
Immediate term strategy
Medium-term strategy
Long-term strategy
30. IMMEDIATE-TERM STRATEGY
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Rationalizing the tariff structure of various energy products.
Optimum utilization of existing assets
Efficiency in production systems and reduction in
distribution losses, including those in traditional energy
sources.
Promoting R&D, transfer and use of technologies and
practices for environmentally sound energy systems,
including new and renewable energy sources.
31. LONG-TERM STRATEGY
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Efficient generation of energy resources
• Efficient production of coal, oil and natural gas
• Reduction of natural gas flaring
Improving energy infrastructure
• Building new refineries
• Creation of urban gas transmission and distribution network
• Maximizing efficiency of rail transport of coal production.
• Building new coal and gas fired power stations.
32. LONG-TERM STRATEGY
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Enhancing energy efficiency
• Improving energy efficiency in accordance with national, socio-
economic, and environmental priorities
• Promoting of energy efficiency and emission standards
• Labeling programmes for products and adoption of energy
efficient technologies in large industries
Deregulation and privatization of energy sector
• Reducing cross subsidies on oil products and electricity tariffs
• Decontrolling coal prices and making natural gas prices
competitive
• Privatization of oil, coal and power sectors for improved
efficiency.
Investment legislation to attract foreign investments.
• Streamlining approval process for attracting private sector
participation in power generation, transmission and distribution .
33. MEDIUM-TERM STRATEGY
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Demand management through greater conservation of energy,
optimum fuel mix, structural changes in the economy, an
appropriate model mix in the transport sector, i.e. Greater
dependence on rail than on road for the movement of goods and
passengers and a shift away from private modes to public modes
for passenger transport; changes in design of different
products to reduce the material intensity of those products,
recycling, etc.
• There is need to shift to less energy-intensive modes of
transport. This would include measures to improve the transport
infrastructure viz. roads, better design of vehicles, use of
compressed natural gas (CNG) and synthetic fuel, etc. Similarly,
better urban planning would also reduce the demand for energy
use in the transport sector.
• There is need to move away from non-renewable to renewable
energy sources viz. solar, wind, biomass energy, etc.
