Cholesterol and types of fats

Group Task
Applied Nutrition
Prepared by
Ali Rahman (Sabir)
Student RNC
1st Year, 2nd Semester

Group Task Topic
1. Cholesterol
2. Types of Cholesterol: HDL, LDL & VLDL
3. Saturated Fat
4. Unsaturated Fat
5. Monounsaturated Fat
6. Polyunsaturated Fat
7. Trans Fat
8. Fatty Acid
11/14/2020Rufaida Nursing College
2

CHOLESTEROL
◦ Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in your body.
◦ Cholesterol is the most important sterol in human body.
◦ Its molecular formula is C27H45OH.
◦ It possesses “cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus”.
◦ It has an –OH group at C3.
◦ It has an unsaturated double bond between C5 and C6.
◦ It has two –CH3 groups at C10 and C13.
◦ It has an eight carbon side chain attached to C17.
3

Cont.…
4
Structure of Cholesterol Cholesterol crystals

Properties
◦ The name cholesterol is derived from the Greek word meaning solid bile.
◦ It occurs as a white or faintly yellow, almost odorless, pearly leaflets or granules.
◦ It is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol and soluble in ether, chloroform, hot alcohol,
ethyl acetate and vegetable oils.
◦ It easily crystallizes from such solutions in colorless, rhombic plates with one or more characteristic
notches in the corner.
◦ It is not saponifiable.
◦ Its melting point is 147° to 150° C.
◦ Since it has an unsaturated bond, it can take up two halogen atoms.
5

Source of Cholesterol
◦Exogenous:
◦ Dietary cholesterol, approximately 0.3 gm/day. Diet rich in cholesterol are butter, cream, milk, egg
yolk, meat, etc.
◦ A hen’s egg weighing 2 oz. gives 250 mg cholesterol
◦Endogenous:
◦ Synthesized in the body from acetyl CoA, approximately 1.0 gm/day.
◦Occurrence:
◦ It is widely present in body tissues.
◦ Cholesterol is found in largest amounts in normal human adults.
6

Esterification of cholesterol
◦ Esterification occurs as follows:
◦ Some cholesterol esters are formed in tissues by the transfer of acyl groups from acyl-CoA to
cholesterol by acyl transferases.
◦ But most of the plasma cholesterol esters are produced in the plasma itself by the transfer of an
acyl group (mostly unsaturated acyl group) from the ®-position of lecithin to cholesterol with the
help of the enzyme lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT).
7

Importance of Cholesterol
◦ Every cell in the body needs cholesterol, which helps the cell membranes form the
layers.
◦ These layers protect the contents of the cell by acting as the gatekeeper to what
things can enter or leave the cell.
◦ It is made by the liver and is also used by the liver to make bile, which helps you
digest foods.
◦ Cholesterol is also needed to make certain hormones and to produce vitamin D.
◦ Your liver makes enough cholesterol to meet your body’s needs for these
important functions.
8

Types of Cholesterol: HDL, LDL & VLDL
◦ Cholesterol moves throughout the body carried by lipoproteins in the blood.
◦ These lipoproteins include;
◦ Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the two main lipoproteins. LDL is often
called “the bad cholesterol.”
◦ High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the other main lipoprotein. HDL is often called
“the good cholesterol.”
◦ Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) are particles in the blood that
carry triglycerides.
9

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
◦ The low-density lipoprotein is called the bad cholesterol when we always hear
about how we should lower our cholesterol.
◦ However, LDL is “bad” because of what it does;
◦ LDL can build up on the walls of your arteries and make them narrower.
◦ The fatty deposits form plaque that lines your arteries and may cause blockages.
◦ This build-up is called atherosclerosis.
◦ Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from your heart to
all other organs in the body.
10

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
◦ HDL is called the “good cholesterol.”
◦ It is good because it carries away other kinds of cholesterol (including LDL), away from the arteries.
◦ It might help to think of HDL as a delivery truck, while thinking of LDL as a dump truck.
◦ HDL drops other types of cholesterol off at the liver and they are removed from the body.
◦ It is believed that higher levels of HDL reduce the risk for heart disease.
◦ Very Low-density lipoprotein:
◦ Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol is produced in the liver and released into the
bloodstream to supply body tissues with a type of fat (triglycerides).
◦ An elevated VLDL cholesterol level is more than 30 milligrams per deciliter (0.77 milli mole/liter).
11

Target cholesterol levels by age and sex
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Age and sex Total
cholesterol
Non-HDL
cholesterol
LDL
cholesterol
HDL
cholesterol
People aged 19
years
and younger
Less than 170
mg/dL
Less than 120
mg/dL
Less than 110
mg/dL
More than 45
mg/dL
Men aged 20
years
and older
125 mg/dL to 200
mg/dL
Less than 130
mg/dL
Less than 100
mg/dL
40 mg/dL or higher
Women aged 20
years
and older
125 mg/dL to 200
mg/dL
Less than 130
mg/dL
Less than 100
mg/dL
50 mg/dL or higher

Saturated Fat
◦ Saturated fat is a type of dietary fat.
◦ Saturated fat consist of single covalent bond between the carbon atoms.
◦ It is one of the unhealthy fats, along with trans fat.
◦ These fats are most often solid at room temperature.
◦ Hydrogenation is not possible in saturated fats.
◦ Foods like butter, palm and coconut oils, cheese, and red meat have high amounts
of saturated fat.
◦ Too much saturated fat in your diet can lead to heart disease and other health
problems.
13

STRUCTURE OF SATURATED FAT
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How Saturated Fats Affect Your Health?
◦ Saturated fats are bad for your health in several ways:
◦ Heart disease risk:
◦ Your body needs healthy fats for energy and other functions.
◦ But too much saturated fat can cause cholesterol to build up in your arteries (blood vessels).
◦ Saturated fats raise your LDL (bad) cholesterol.
◦ High LDL cholesterol increases your risk for heart disease and stroke.
◦ Weight gain:
◦ Many high-fat foods such as pizza, baked goods, and fried foods have a lot of saturated fat.
◦ Eating too much fat can add extra calories to your diet and cause you to gain weight.
◦ All fats contain 9 calories per gram of fat.
◦ This is more than twice the amount found in carbohydrates and protein.
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UNSATURATED FAT
◦ Unsaturated fat fluid or liquid at room temperature.
◦ Unsaturated fat typically comes from plant sources such as olives, nuts, or seeds
– but unsaturated fat is also present in fish.
◦ Unsaturated fat are usually called oils.
◦ It contains double bond in alternative carbon atom.
◦ Hydrogenation is possible in unsaturated fats.
◦ Unlike saturated fat, these oils contain mostly monounsaturated and
polyunsaturated fat.
16

STRUCTURE OF UNSATURATED FAT
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MONOUNSATURATED FAT
◦ Monounsaturated fat is a type of dietary fat.
◦ It is one of the healthy fats, along with polyunsaturated fat.
◦ Monounsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, but start to harden when chilled.
◦ Monounsaturated fats are found in plant foods, such as nuts, avocados, and vegetable oils.
◦ Eating moderate amounts of monounsaturated (and polyunsaturated) fats in place of saturated and
trans fats can benefit your health.
◦ Monounsaturated fats are good for your health in several ways;
◦ They can help lower your LDL (bad) cholesterol level.
◦ Cholesterol is a soft, waxy substance that can cause clogged, or blocked, arteries (blood vessels).
◦ Keeping your LDL level low reduces your risk for heart disease and stroke.
◦ Monounsaturated fats help develop and maintain your cells.
18

STRUCTURE OF MONOUNSATURATED FAT
19

POLYUNSATURATED FAT
◦ Polyunsaturated fat is a type of dietary fat.
◦ Polyunsaturated fat is different than saturated fat and trans fat.
◦ Polyunsaturated fat is found in plant and animal foods, such as salmon, vegetable
oils, and some nuts and seeds.
◦ Polyunsaturated fats include omega-3 and omega-6 fats.
◦ These are essential fatty acids that the body needs for brain function and cell
growth.
◦ Our bodies do not make essential fatty acids, so you can only get them from food.
20

Omega-3 And Omega-6 Fats
◦ Omega-3 fatty acids are good for your heart in several ways. They help:
◦ Reduce triglycerides, a type of fat in your blood
◦ Reduce the risk of developing an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
◦ Slow the buildup of plaque, a substance comprising fat, cholesterol, and calcium, which can harden
and clog your arteries
◦ Slightly lower your blood pressure
◦ Omega-6 fatty acids may help:
◦ Control your blood sugar
◦ Reduce your risk for diabetes
◦ Lower your blood pressure
21

STRUCTURE OF POLYUNSATURATED
FAT
22

Trans Fat
◦ Trans fat are those fat in which the alkyl group have
chain of carbon on both sides (top and bottom).
◦ Trans fats, or trans-fatty acids, are a form of unsaturated
fat.
◦ They come in both natural and artificial forms.
◦ Natural, or ruminant, trans fats occur in the meat and
dairy from ruminant animals, such as cattle, sheep, and
goats.
◦ They form naturally when bacteria in these animals’
stomachs digest grass.
◦ These types typically comprise 2–6% of the fat in dairy
products and 3–9% of the fat in cuts of beef and lamb.
◦ Artificial trans fats may increase your risk of heart
disease.
23 STRUCTURE OF
TRANS FAT

Fatty Acid
◦ Fatty acid, important component of lipids (fat-soluble components of living cells) in plants, animals, and
microorganisms.
◦ Generally, a fatty acid consists of a straight chain of an even number of carbon atoms, with hydrogen atoms
along the length of the chain and at one end of the chain and a carboxyl group (―COOH) at the other end.
◦ It is that carboxyl group that makes it an acid (carboxylic acid).
◦ If the carbon-to-carbon bonds are all single, the acid is saturated; if any of the bonds is double or triple, the
acid is unsaturated and is more reactive.
◦ A few fatty acids have branched chains; others contain ring structures (e.g., prostaglandins).
◦ Fatty acids are not found in a free state in nature; commonly they exist in combination with glycerol (an
alcohol) in the form of triglyceride.
◦ Among the most widely distributed fatty acids are the 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids, otherwise known as
palmitic acid and stearic acid, respectively.
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STRUCTURE OF FATTY ACID
25

THANK
YOU
ALL
❤️REMEMBE
R ME IN
YOUR
PRAYER

REFERENCE
◦Book of Medical Biochemistry
◦https://medlineplus.gov
◦https://www.mayoclinic.org
◦https://www.healthline.com
◦https://www.britannica.com
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Cholesterol and types of fats

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