Church history intro 2010.

Editor's Notes

• #30: Fragment from Qumran the Book of Jubilee’s….Psuedopigraphic writting’s of Enoch 2000 year old fragment…
• #42: Emma also carried with her the manuscripts of Joseph's translation of the Bible carried in two cotton bags and tied under her long skirt which she received from Ann Scott. Ann had received the manuscripts from the Prophet's secretary James Mulholland (James giving the manuscripts to Ann in hopes the mobs wouldn't search her). 
• #95: Aquinas, the supreme theologian of Catholicism, was born near Naples in 1225 to a noble family, he was enrolled in the Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino at the tender age of five, and at seventeen became a Dominican novice. Soon after this he was kidnapped and detained for nearly two years by his own brothers. At the instigation of his mother, they tried to turn him away from his vocation, and even tempted him with a woman. He drove her from his room with a brand snatched from the fire. After more than a year and a half of captivity, it became apparent that he would not relent, and he was released back to the Dominicans. After studies in Naples and Paris he was appointed as a master at the University of Paris in 1257. His period of writing was a brief sixteen years, but extraordinarily productive. On December 6 1273 , while celebrating mass in the chapel of St Nicholas in Naples, he had a heavenly revelation : From that day he wrote no more. He died shortly afterwards, on March 7, 1274, at the age of 49 .
• #104: The Church forbade the publication of the scriptures, declaring both the writings and doctrines taught by Tyndale to be heretic. His reply was:
• #111: The Luther Bible is a German Bible translation by Martin Luther , first printed with both testaments in 1534. This translation is considered to be largely responsible for the evolution of the modern German language . "The task of translating the Bible which he thus assumed was to absorb him until the end of his life." [1] While he was sequestered in the Wartburg Castle (1521–1522) Luther began to translate the New Testament into German in order to make it more accessible to all the people of the " Holy Roman Empire of the German nation." He used Erasmus 's second edition (1519) of the Greek New Testament— Erasmus 's Greek text would come to be known as the Textus Receptus . To help him in translating Luther would make forays into the nearby towns and markets to listen to people speak. He wanted to ensure their comprehension by a translation closest to their contemporary language usage. It was published in September 1522, six months after he had returned to Wittenberg . In the opinion of the 19th century theologian Philip Schaff The richest fruit of Luther's leisure in the Wartburg, and the most important and useful work of his whole life, is the translation of the New Testament, by which he brought the teaching and example of Christ and the Apostles to the mind and heart of the Germans in life-like reproduction. It was a republication of the gospel. He made the Bible the people's book in church, school, and house.
• #116: Marco Polo's travels may have had some impact on the development of European cartography, ultimately leading to the European voyages of exploration a century later. The 1453 Fra Mauro map is said by Giovanni Battista Ramusio to have been an improved copy of the one brought from Cathay by Marco Polo: "That fine illuminated world map on parchment, which can still be seen in a large cabinet alongside the choir of their monastery (The Calmoldese monastery of Santo Michele on Murano) was by one of the brothers of the monastery, who took great delight in the study of cosmography, diligently drawn and copied from a most beautiful and very old nautical map and a world map that had been brought from Cathay by the most honourable Messer Marco Polo and his father." Ramusio v.3. [14]
• #117: Although the Polos were by no means the first Europeans to reach China overland (see, for example, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine), thanks to Polo's book their trip was the first to be widely known, and the best-documented journey there of its time. Marco Polo's description of the Far East and its riches inspired Christopher Columbus' decision to try to reach those lands by a western route. A heavily annotated copy of Polo's book was among the belongings of Columbus. [12]
• #120: This is a Mariners compass from 1175 Compass as a Navigational Aid The first person recorded to have used the compass as a navigational aid was Zheng He (1371-1435), from the Yunnan province in China, who made seven ocean voyages between 1405 and 1433. A compass , magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the Earth's magnetic poles. It consists of a magnetized pointer (usually marked on the North end) free to align itself with Earth's magnetic field. The compass greatly improved the safety and efficiency of travel, especially ocean travel. A compass can be used to calculate heading, used with a sextant to calculate latitude, and with a marine chronometer to calculate longitude. It thus provides a much improved navigational capability that has only been recently supplanted by modern devices such as the Global Positioning System (GPS). A compass is any magnetically sensitive device capable of indicating the direction of the magnetic north of a planet's magnetosphere. The face of the compass generally highlights the cardinal points of north, south, east and west. Often, compasses are built as a stand alone sealed instrument with a magnetized bar or needle turning freely upon a pivot, or moving in a fluid, thus able to point in a northerly and southerly direction. The compass was invented in ancient China sometime before the 2nd century, and was used for navigation …(much later). The dry compass was invented in medieval Europe around 1300. [1]
• #121: Marine chronometer Further information: Marine chronometer A traditional marine chronometer. In order to accurately measure longitude, the precise time of a sextant sighting (down to the second, if possible) must be recorded. Each second of error is equivalent to 15 seconds of longitude error, which at the equator is a position error of .29 mile, about the accuracy limit of manual celestial navigation. The spring-driven marine chronometer is a precision timepiece used aboard ship to provide accurate time for celestial observations. [10] A chronometer differs from a spring-driven watch principally in that it contains a variable lever device to maintain even pressure on the mainspring, and a special balance designed to compensate for temperature variations Until the mid 1750s, navigation at sea was an unsolved problem due to the difficulty in calculating longitudinal (east/west) position. Navigators could determine their latitude (north/south) position by measuring the sun's angle at noon (i.e., when it reached its highest point in the sky, or culmination). To find their longitude, however, they needed a portable time standard that would work aboard a ship. Observation of celestial, "clockwork" motions such as Galileo's method based on observing Jupiter's natural satellites was usually not possible aboard due to the ship's motion. Until the mid 1750s, navigation at sea was an unsolved problem due to the difficulty in calculating longitudinal (east/west) position. Navigators could determine their latitude (north/south) position by measuring the sun's angle at noon (i.e., when it reached its highest point in the sky, or culmination). To find their longitude, however, they needed a portable time standard that would work aboard a ship. Observation of celestial, "clockwork" motions such as Galileo's method based on observing Jupiter's natural satellites was usually not possible aboard due to the ship's motion. The Lunar Distance Method, initially proposed by Johannes Werner in 1514, was developed in parallel with the marine chronometer.
• #122: A sextant is an instrument generally used to measure the altitude of a celestial object above the horizon. Making this measurement is known as sighting the object, shooting the object, or taking a sight . The angle, and the time when it was measured, can be used to calculate a position line on a nautical or aeronautical chart. A common use of the sextant is to sight the sun at noon to find one's latitude. See celestial navigation for more discussion. Held horizontally, the sextant can be used to measure the angle between any two objects, such as between two lighthouses, which will, similarly, allow for calculation of a line of position on a chart. The scale of a sextant has a length of 1 ⁄ 6 of a full circle (60°); hence the sextant's name ( sextāns, -antis is the Latin word for "one sixth", "εξάντας" in Greek). An octant is a similar device with a shorter scale ( 1 ⁄ 8 of a circle, or 45°), whereas a quintant ( 1 ⁄ 5 , or 72°) and a quadrant ( 1 ⁄ 4 , or 90°) have longer scales. Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) invented the principle of the doubly reflecting navigation instrument (a reflecting quadrant - see Octant (instrument)), but never published it. Two men independently developed the octant around 1730: John Hadley (1682-1744), an English mathematician, and Thomas Godfrey (1704-1749), a glazier in Philadelphia. The octant and later the sextant, replaced the Davis quadrant as the main instrument for navigation.