Circles - Maths project
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The document is a maths project on circles that defines key terms like radius, diameter, chord, arc, and sector. It also outlines 12 theorems related to circles, such as equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre and the perpendicular from the centre of a circle bisects any chord. The document concludes with a joke about a hen playing billiards without a stick.
Circles - Maths project
- 2. INTRODUCTION You may have come across many object in daily life, which are round in shape, such as wheels of a vehicle, clocks, coins, buttons of a shirt, etc. In a clock, the second’s hand goes round the dial of the clock rapidly and its tip moves in a round path. This path traced by the tip of the second’s hand is called a CIRCLE.
- 3. Circles and Its Related Terms Definition : The collection of all the points in a plane, which are at a fixed distance froma fixed point in the plain, is calleda circle. The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the fixed distance is called the radius of the circle.
- 4. A circle divides the plain on which it lies into three parts . They are : (i) Inside the circle, which is also called the interior of the circle. (ii) The circle. (iii)Outside the circle, which is also called the exterior of the circle. The circle and its interior make up the circular region.
- 5. The upcoming activities will make you know more about the TERMS and DEFINITIONS related to CIRCLES.
- 6. Activity --------------------------------- 1 Take two points P & Q on a circle, then the line segment PQ is called a chord of a circle. The chord, which passes through the centre of the circle, is called a diameter of the circle. As in the case of radius, the word ‘diameter’ is also used in two senses, ie., as a line segment and also as its length. In the figure aside, AOB is a diameter of the circle. o Figure A P B Q
- 7. Activity -------------------------- 2 A piece of a circle between two points is called an arc. Look at the pieces of the circle between two points P & Q in figure. The longer piece is called the major arc PQ and the shorter piece is called the minor arc PQ. When P & Q are ends of a diameter, then both arcs are equal and each is called a semicircle. . R Major arc PQ Minor arc PQ P Q Figure
- 8. The length of the complete circle is called its circumference. The region between a chord and either of its arcs is called a segment of the circular region of the circle. There are two types of segments also, which are the major segment and the minor segment (fig 1). The region between an arc and the two radii, joining the centre to the end points of the arc is called a sector. Like segments, the minor arc corresponds to the minor sector and the major arc corresponds to the major sector. In fig 2, the region OPQ is the minor sector and remaining part of the circular region is the major sector. When two arcs are equal, ie., each is a semicircle, then both segments and both sectors become the same and each is known as a semicircularregion. P Q Figure 1 P Q Figure 2 Major segment Minor segment Major sector O Minor sector
- 9. Angle Subtended by a Chord at a Point Take a line segment PQ and a point R not on the line containing PQ. Join PR and QR. Then <PRQ is called the angle subtended by the line segment PQ at the point R. <POQ is the angle subtended by the chord PQ at the centre O, <PRQ and <PSQ are respectively the angles subtended by PQ at points R & S on the major and minor arcs PQ. .R . O P Q . S Figure
- 10. THEOREMS OF CIRCLES SOME OF THE THEOREMS WHICH YOU WILL BE SEEING IN THE FOLLOWING SLIDES WILL MAKE YOU UNDERSTAND MORE ABOUT CIRCLES.
- 11. Theorem - 1 Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.
- 12. Theorem - 2 If the angle subtended by the chords of a circle at the centre are equal, then the chords are equal.
- 13. Theorem - 3 The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
- 14. Theorem - 4 The line drawn through the centre of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
- 15. Theorem - 5 There is one and only one circle passing through three given non-collinear points.
- 16. Theorem - 6 Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles ) are equidistant from the centre.
- 17. Theorem - 7 Chords equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal in length.
- 18. Theorem - 8 The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
- 19. Theorem - 9 Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
- 20. Theorem - 10 If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the same side of the line containing the line segment, the four points lie on a circle, ie., they are concyclic.
- 21. Theorem - 11 The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.
- 22. Theorem - 12 If the sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 180°, the quadrilateral is cyclic.
- 23. A JOKE ON CIRCLES THERE IS A JOKE ON CIRCLES WHICH IS VERY INTERESTING. I THINK YOU ALL WILL LIKE IT AND ENJOY IT.
- 24. HAVE YOU ALL SEEN A BILLIARDS GAME, THE BALL USED IN IT IS CIRCLE IN SHAPE. I THINK YOU ALL KNOW THIS, BUT HAVE YOU SEEN A HEN PLAYING IT WITHOUT A STICK. DO YOU WANT TO SEE IT ? COME LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT IT.