CJPjavaprogramming for engdgdfhdrgsddfgdfgfdg

Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
Object Oriented
Programming-I
swati.sharma@darshan.ac.in
Computer Engineering Department
Prof. Swati R Sharma
Object-Oriented Programming-I
3140705

2
Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite subject
Teaching and Examination Scheme
Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Marks
Total
Marks
L T P C
Theory Marks Practical Marks
ESE (E) PA (M) ESE (V) PA (I)
4 0 2 5 70 30 30 20 150

Syllabus

4
Syllabus
Sr. No. Content
Total
Hrs
1 Introduction to java and elementary programming:
Java language specification API, JDK and IDE, Creating, compiling and Executing a simple java
program, Programming style, documentation and errors, Reading input from console,
identifiers and variables, Assignment statements, Named constants and naming conventions,
Data Types (Numeric, Boolean, Character, String) its Operations and Literals, Evaluating
Expressions and operator Precedence, Types of Operators (Augmented assignment,
Increment and Decrement, Logical), operator precedence and associativity, numeric type
conversions.
04
2 Selections , Mathematical functions and loops:
If statements, Two way, Nested if and multi-way if statements, Switch statements, Conditional
Expressions, Common mathematical functions ,While , do-while and for loop, nested loops,
Keyword break and continue.
04
3 Methods and Arrays:
Defining and calling method, Passing argument by values, Overloading methods and scope of
variables, Method abstraction and stepwise refinement, Single Dimensional arrays, copying
arrays ,Passing and returning array from method, Searching and sorting arrays and the Array
06

5
Syllabus (Cont.)
Sr. No. Content
Total
Hrs
4 Objects and Classes:
Defining classes for objects, Constructors, accessing objects via reference variable, using
classes from the java library, static variables, constants and methods, visibility modifiers and
Data field encapsulation, passing objects to methods, array of objects, immutable objects and
classes, scope of variable and the this reference.
04
5 Object oriented thinking:
Class abstraction and Encapsulation, thinking in objects and class relationships, Primitive data
type and wrapper class types, Big integer and Big decimal class, string class, String Builder
and String Buffer class, super class and subclass, using super keyword, overriding and
overloading methods, polymorphism and dynamic binding, casting objects and instanceof
operator, The ArrayList class and its methods, The protected data and methods.
05
6 Exception Handling, I/O, abstract classes and interfaces:
Exception types, finally clause, rethrowing Exceptions, chained exceptions, defining custom
exception classes, file class and its input and output, Reading data from web, Abstract classes,
interfaces, Comparable and Cloneabal interface.
04

6
Syllabus (Cont.)
Sr. No. Content
Total
Hrs
7 JAVAFX basics and Event-driven programming and animations:
Basic structure of JAVAFX program, Panes, UI control and shapes, Property binding, the Color
and the Font class, the Image and Image-View class, layout panes and shapes, Events and
Events sources, Registering Handlers and Handling Events, Inner classes, anonymous inner
class handlers, mouse and key events, listeners for observable objects, animation
05
8 JAVAFX UI controls and multimedia:
Labeled and Label, button, Checkbox, RadioButton, Textfield, TextArea, Combo Box, ListView,
Scrollbar, Slider, Video and Audio.
04
9 Binary I/O ,Recursion and Generics:
Text I/O, binary I/O, Binary I/O classes, Object I/o, Random Access files, Problem solving using
Recursion, Recursive Helper methods, Tail Recursion, Defining Generic classes and interfaces,
Generic methods, Raw types and backward compatibility, wildcard Generic types, Erasure and
Restrictions on Generics.
04
10 List, Stacks, Queues and Priority Queues:
Collection, Iterators, Lists, The Comparator interface, static methods for list and collections,
Vector and Stack classes, Queues and priority Queues.
04

7
Syllabus (Cont.)
Sr. No. Content
Total
Hrs
11 Sets and Maps:
Comparing the performance of Sets and Lists, singleton and unmodifiable collections and
Maps.
02
12 Concurrency:
Thread states and life cycle,Creating and Executing threads with the Executor Framework,
Thread synchronization
02

Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
Introduction to java
and
elementary
programming
swati.sharma@darshan.ac.in
Computer Engineering Department
Prof. Swati R Sharma
Object-Oriented Programming
3140705

Introduction
Welcome to the world of Programming

10
What is Language?
 A language is a system of communication used by a particular country or
community.
 It is a structured system of communication used by humans, based on speech
and gesture (spoken language), sign or often writing.
 Both person should understand each other’s language.
Hello!
你好
કેમ છો!
મજામાં

11
Programming Language
 A programming language is a computer language that is used by programmers
(developers) to communicate with computers.
 It is a set of instructions written in a specific language to perform a specific task.
 It allow us to give instructions to a computer in a language the computer
understands.
 5000+ programming languages are there, notably used are approximate 250.
 E.g. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, PHP, Pascal, etc.

12
Types of Programming Languages
1. Low-level programming language
 It is a machine-dependent (hardware specific) programming language.
 It consists of a set of instructions that are either in the binary form (0 or 1) or
in a symbolic and human-understandable mnemonics (ADD, MOV, SUB).
 E.g. Machine level language, Assembly language, etc.
2. High-level programming language
 It is closer to human languages than machine-level languages.
 It is easy to read, write, and maintain as it is written in English like words.
 It allows to write the programs which are independent of a particular type of
machine (hardware).
 A compiler is required to translate a high-level language into a low-level
language.
 E.g. Python, Java, JavaScript, PHP, C#, LISP, FORTRAN, etc.
3. Middle-level programming language
 Middle-level programming language lies between the low-level and high-level
programming language.
 E.g. C, C++, etc.

13

Introduction to

15
JAVA
 Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is open
source, platform independent, object-oriented and specifically designed to have
as few implementation dependencies as possible.
 Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and
released in 1995.
 Java was initially named as Oak language and renamed to JAVA in 1995.
Current Version Java SE 17.0. 2 (as of September, 14th 2021)
Version we will use Java SE 11 (LTS)
Setup size 149 MB (Linux), 152 MB (Windows x64)
Download Link https://www.oracle.com/in/java/technologies/javase-jdk11-downloads.html
Official Website https://java.com
Integrated Development
Environment
(IDE)
1. Eclipse NetBeans
2. IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition
3. BlueJ

16
Features of JAVA
Simple: Java inherits C/C++ syntax and many object-oriented features of C+
+.
Object Oriented: “Everything is an object” paradigm, which possess some
state, behavior and all the operations are performed using these objects.
Robust: Java has a strong memory management system. It helps in
eliminating error as it checks the code during compile and runtime.
Multithreaded: Java supports multiple threads of execution, including a set
of synchronization primitives. This makes programming with threads
much easier.

17
Features of JAVA (Cont.)
Architectural Neutral: Java is platform independent which means that any
application written on one platform can be easily ported to another
platform.
Interpreted: Java is compiled to bytecodes, which are interpreted by a Java
run-time environment.
High Performance: Java achieves high performance through the use of
bytecode which can be easily translated into native machine code. With the
use of JIT (Just-In-Time) compilers, Java enables high performance.

18
Features of JAVA (Cont.)
Dynamic: Java has ability to adapt to an evolving environment which
supports dynamic memory allocation due to which memory wastage is
reduced and performance of the application is increased.
Distributed: Java provides a feature which helps to create distributed
applications. Using Remote Method Invocation (RMI), a program can
invoke a method of another program across a network and get the
output. You can access files by calling the methods from any machine on
the internet.

19
Components of Java
 Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
 Java Runtime Environment
(JRE)
 Java Development Kit (JDK)
Compiler
(javac.exe)
Java
Application
Launcher
(java.exe),
AppletViewer,
etc..)
Java
Packages
(math, util,
awt etc…)
Runtime
Libraries
JVM
Development
tools
JRE
JDK

20
Java Development Kit (JDK)
 JDK contains tools needed ,
 To develop the Java programs and
 JRE to run the programs.
 The tools include
 compiler (javac.exe),
 Java application launcher
(java.exe),
 Appletviewer, etc…
 Java application launcher (java.exe)
opens a JRE, loads the class, and
invokes its main method.

21
Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
 The JRE is required to run java applications.
 It combines the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), platform
core classes and supporting libraries.
 JRE is part of the Java Development Kit (JDK), but can
be downloaded separately.
 It does not contain any development tools such as
compiler, debugger, etc.

22
Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
 JVM is a virtual machine that enables a computer to
run Java programs as well as programs written in other
languages and compiled to Java Bytecode.
 Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions
designed to be executed by the Java Virtual
Machine(JVM).
 Byte code is intermediate representation of java source
code.
 Java compiler provides byte code by compiling Java
Source Code.
 Extension for java class file or byte code is ‘.class’,
which is platform independent.
 JVM is virtual because , It provides a machine interface
that does not depend on the operating system and
machine hardware architecture.

23
How Java become Platform Independent?
Source code
(Program)
Compile
r
Bytecode
JVM
(Windows
)
JVM
(Linux)
JVM
(Mac)
Machine
Code
Machine
Code
.java file
.class file
Machine
Code

24
Java Interview Question
1. Difference between JRE and JVM?
2. Difference between interpreter and JIT compiler?
3. Why Java is platform independent?
4. What are Java bytecodes?
5. JVM vs. JRE vs. JDK

25
Hello World Java Program
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
 We have to save this in HelloWorld.java file as it has public class named
HelloWorld.
 String and System are inbuilt Java Classes.
 Classes in java are always written in Camel case.
File must be saved as
HelloWorld.java
Main method from where execution will
start
String must start with capital
letter
System must start with capital
letter

26
How to execute Java Program?
1. Save the program with the same name as the public class with .java
extension.

27
How to execute Java Program?
2. Open command prompt (cmd) / terminal & navigate to desired directory /
folder.
3. Compile the “.java” file with javac command.
4. Execute the “.class” file with java command without extension.

Tokens

29
Tokens
 The smallest individual unit of a language / program is known as a token.
 Tokens are basic building blocks of any language.
“Jane bakes tasty cookies.”
 Jane is noun
 bakes is verb
 tasty is adjective
 cookies is noun
 ‘.’ is special character to end the sentence.
 Each and every word and punctuation is a token.
 We divide sentence into tokens to understand the meaning of a sentence.
 Similarly, the compilers of programming language breaks a program into the
tokens and proceeds to the various stages of the compilation.
 However, collection of tokens in appropriate sequence makes a meaningful
sentence.

30
Classification of Tokens
Sr. Token Description Examples
1 Keywords Predefined reserved words
void, int, float, for,
if
2 Identifiers
User-defined combination of alphanumeric
characters.
Name of a variable, function, class, etc.
a, i, sum, number,
pi
3 Constants Fixed values that do not change 17, -25.50, 82, 0
4 Strings A sequence of characters “Darshan”, “Hi!”
5
Special
Symbols
Symbols that have special meaning #, $, @, %, =, :, ;
6 Operators
A symbol that performs operation on a value or a
variable
+, -, *, /

Identifiers

32
Identifiers
 They are used for class names, method names and variable names.
 An identifier may be any descriptive sequence of
 uppercase(A…Z) and lowercase(a..z) letters
 Numbers(0..9)
 Underscore(_) and dollar-sign($) characters
 Examples for valid Identifiers,
 AvgTemp
 count
 a4
 $test
 this_is_ok
 Examples for invalid Identifiers,
 2count
 High-temp
 Ok/NotOK
(Identifiers can not start with digit)
(Identifiers can not contain dash)
(Identifiers can not contains slash)

33
for Rajkot _Name If Roll Number Rs.
_________a int student _7 Identifier Valid
C C++ Java C# Compiler ___8__a__8
7Student Who? v.a.l.u. A_B_C_D_E i if
Int A2020 2021 sum a,b,c i;
Identifier Name Valid or Invalid?

34
Data Types
Java Datatypes
Integer
s
Floating-
point
numbers
Characte
rs
Boolea
n
Primitiv
e
Non-
primitive
Class

35
Primitive Data Types
Data Type Size Range Example
byte 1 Byte -128 to 127 byte a = 10;
short 2 Bytes -32,768 to 32,767 short a = 200;
int 4 Bytes -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647
int a = 50000;
long 8 Bytes -9,223,372,036,854,775,808
to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
long a = 20;
float 4 Bytes 1.4e-045 to 3.4e+038 float a = 10.2f;
double 8 Bytes 4.9e-324 to 1.8e+308 double a = 10.2;
char 2 Bytes 0 to 65536 (Stores ASCII of
character)
char a = ‘a’;
boolean Not
defined
true or false boolean a = true;

36
Escape Sequences
 Escape sequences in general are used to signal an alternative interpretation of
a series of characters.
 For example, if you want to put quotes within quotes you must use the escape
sequence, ", on the interior quotes.
System.out.println("Good Morning "World"");
Escape Sequence Description
’ Single quote
” Double quote
Backslash
r Carriage return
n New Line
t Tab

37
Type Casting
 Assigning a value of one type to a variable of another type is known as Type
Casting.
 In Java, type casting is classified into two types,
 Widening/Automatic Type Casting (Implicit)
 Narrowing Type Casting(Explicitly done)

38
Automatic Type Casting
 When one type of data is assigned to other type of variable , an automatic type
conversion will take place if the following two conditions are satisfied:
 The two types are compatible
 The destination type is larger than the source type
 Such type of casting is called “widening conversion”.
 Example:
int can always hold values of byte and short
public static void main(String[] args) {
byte b = 5;
// √ this is correct
int a = b;
}

39
Casting Incompatible Types
 To create a conversion between two incompatible types, you must use a cast
 A cast is an explicit type conversion.
 Such type is called “narrowing conversion”.
 Syntax:
(target-type) value
 Example:
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 5;
// × this is not correct
byte b = a;
// √ this is correct
byte b = (byte)a ;
}

Operator
Perform definite operation

41
Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Bitwise Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Assignment Operators
6. Conditional / Ternary Operator
7. Instance of Operator

42
Operators
 An operator is a symbol to perform specific mathematical or logical functions.
 We use operators in maths to perform certain operations, e.g. +, -, *, /, etc.
 Unary operators (++, --) take one operand, Binary operators (+, -, *, /) take two
operands.
 Programming languages are rich in operators which can be divided in following
categories, Sr. Operator Examples
1 Arithmetic Operators +, -, *, /, %
2 Relational Operators <, <=, >, >=, ==, !=
3 Logical Operators &&, ||, !
4 Assignment Operators =, +=, -=, *=, /=
5 Increment and Decrement
Operators
++, --
6 Conditional Operator ?:
7 Bitwise Operators &, |, ^, <<, >>

43
Arithmetic Operators
 An arithmetic operator performs basic mathematical calculations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc on numerical values (constants
and variables).
Operato
r
Meaning
Exampl
e
Description
+ Addition a + b Addition of a and b
- Subtraction a – b Subtraction of b from a
* Multiplication a * b Multiplication of a and b
/ Division a / b Division of a by b
%
Modulo division-
remainder
a % b Modulo of a by b

44
Relational Operators
 A relational operators are used to compare two values.
 They check the relationship between two operands, if the relation is true, it
returns 1; if the relation is false, it returns value 0.
 Relational expressions are used in decision statements such as if, for, while,
etc…
Operator Meaning Example Description
< is less than a < b a is less than b
<= is less than or equal to a <= b a is less than or equal to b
> is greater than a > b a is greater than b
>= is greater than or equal to a >= b a is greater than or equal to b
== is equal to a == b a is equal to b
!= is not equal to a != b a is not equal to b

45
Relational Operators Note : A = 10 & B =
20
Operator Description Example
== Equals (A == B) is not true.
!= Not Equals (A != B) is true.
> Greater than (A > B) is not true.
< Less than (A < B) is true.
>= Greater than equals (A >= B) is not true.
<= Less than equals (A <= B) is true.

46
Bitwise Operators Note : A = 60 & B =
13
Operato
r
Description Example
& Binary AND Operator
A & B = 12 which is 0000
1100
| Binary OR Operator
A | B = 61 which is 0011
1101
^ Binary XOR Operator
A ^ B = 49 which is 0011
0001
~ Binary Ones Complement Operator
~A = -61 which is 1100 0011
in 2's complement form due
to a signed binary number.
<< Binary Left Shift Operator
A << 2 = 240 which is 1111
0000
>> Binary Right Shift Operator. A >> 2 = 15 which is 1111
>>> Shift right zero fill operator.
A >>>2 = 15 which is 0000
1111

47
Logical Operators
 Logical operators are decision making operators.
 They are used to combine two expressions and make decisions.
 An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon
whether expression results false or true.
Operat
or
Meaning
Example (Let’s assume c=5 and
d=2)
&&
Logical AND. True only if all operands are
true
expression ((c==5) && (d>5))
equals to 0.
| |
Logical OR. True only if either one
operand is true
expression ((c==5) || (d>5)) equals
to 1.
!
Logical NOT. True only if the operand is
false
expression !(c==5) equals to 0.
a b a && b a || b
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1

48
Logical Operators Note : A = true & B =
false
Operator Description Example
&& Logical AND operator (A && B) is false.
|| Called Logical OR Operator (A || B) is true.
! Called Logical NOT Operator !(A && B) is true.

49
Assignment Operators
 Assignment operators are used to assign a new value to the variable.
 The left side operand of the assignment operator is a variable and right side
operand of the assignment operator is a value or a result of an expression.
 Meaning of = in Maths and Programming is different.
 Value of LHS & RHS is always same in Math.
 In programming, value of RHS is assigned to the LHS
Operat
or
Meaning
= Assigns value of right side to left side. Suppose a=5 and b=10. a=b means now
value of a is 10.
+= a += 1 is same as a = a + 1
Shorthand Assignment Operators
-= a -= 5 is same as a = a – 5
*= a *= b is same as a = a * b
/= a /= c is same as a = a / c

50
Assignment Operators
Operato
r
Description Example
= Simple assignment operator
C = A + B will assign value of
A + B into C
+= Add AND assignment operator
C += A is equivalent to C = C
+ A
-= Subtract AND assignment operator
C -= A is equivalent to C = C -
A
*= Multiply AND assignment operator
C *= A is equivalent to C = C
* A
/= Divide AND assignment operator
C /= A is equivalent to C = C /
A
%= Modulus AND assignment operator
C %= A is equivalent to C = C
% A
<<= Left shift AND assignment operator C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>= Right shift AND assignment operator C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2

51
Increment / Decrement Operators
 Increment and decrement operators are unary operators that add or subtract
one, to or from their operand.
 the increment operator ++ increases the value of a variable by 1, e.g. a++ means
a=a+1
 the decrement operator -- decreases the value of a variable by 1. e.g. a–– means
a=a–1
 If ++ operator is used as a prefix (++a) then the value of a is incremented by 1
first then it returns the value.
 If ++ operator is used as a postfix (a++) then the value of a is returned first then
it increments value of a by 1.
Expressio
n
Evaluation (Let’s say a=10, c=15)
b = a++
Value of b would be 10 and value of a
would be 11.
b = ++a Value of b & a would be 11.
b = a--
Value of b would be 10 and value of a
would be 9.
Expression
b = --a + c++
b = a++ + ++c
b = ++a - ++c
Evaluation (Let’s say a=10,
c=15)
b = 24
b = 26
b = –5

52
Conditional Operator (Ternary)
 Conditional Operator ( ? : )
 Syntax:
variable x = (expression) ? value if true : value if false
 Example:
b = (a == 1) ? 20 : 30;

53
Operator Precedence & Associativity
 How does java evaluate 1 + 10 * 9 ?
 (1 + 10 ) * 9 = 99 OR 1 + (10 * 9) = 91
 To get the correct answer for the given problem Java came up with Operator
precedence. ( multiplication have higher precedence than addition so correct
answer will be 91 in this case)
 For Operator, associativity means that when the same operator appears in a
row, then to which direction the expression will be evaluated.
 How does java evaluate 1 * 2 + 3 * 4 / 5 ???
2 + 12 / 5
2 + 2.4
4.4

54
Precedence of Java Operators
Category Operator Associativity
Postfix () [] . (dot operator) Left to right
Unary ++ - - ! ~ Right to left
Multiplicative * / % Left to right
Additive + - Left to right
Shift >> >>> << Left to right
Relational > >= < <= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Bitwise AND & Left to right
Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
Bitwise OR | Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /= %= >>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left
Comma , Left to right

Operators Precedence &
Associativity
Priority matters!

56
Operators Precedence & Associativity
 Operators Precedence and Associativity are two
characteristics of operators that determine the evaluation
order of sub-expressions in absence of brackets.
 Operator precedence determines which operation is
performed first in an expression with more than one
operators with different precedence.
 a=10 + 20 * 30 is calculated as 10 + (20 * 30) and not as
(10 + 20) * 30 so answer is 610.
 Operators Associativity is used when two operators of same
precedence appear in an expression. Associativity can be
either Left to Right (L to R) or Right to Left (R to L).
 a=100 / 10 * 10
 If Left to Right means (100 / 10) * 10 then answer is
100
 If Right to Left means 100 / (10 * 10) then answer is 1
 Division (/) & Multiplication (*) are Left to Right

57
Operators Precedence and Associativity
1) Associativity is only used when there are two or more operators of same
precedence.
2) All operators with the same precedence have same associativity
Priorit
y
Operat
or
Description
Associativi
ty
1
( )
[ ]
.
->
a++ a
—
Parentheses (function call)
Brackets (array subscript)
Member selection via object name
Member selection via pointer
Postfix increment/decrement
left-to-
right
2
++a —
a
+ –
! ~
(type)
*
&
sizeof
Prefix increment/decrement
Unary plus/minus
Logical negation/bitwise complement
Cast (convert value to temporary value
of type)
De-reference
Address (of operand)
Determine size in bytes on this
implementation
right-to-
left
3 * / % Multiplication/division/modulus
left-to-
right
Priorit
y
Operator Description
Associativi
ty
7 == != is equal to/is not equal to
left-to-
right
8 & Bitwise AND
left-to-
right
9 ^ Bitwise exclusive OR
left-to-
right
10 | Bitwise OR
left-to-
right
11 && Logical AND
left-to-
right
12 | | Logical OR
left-to-
right
13 ? : Ternary conditional
right-to-
left
=
+= -= *= /= %=
Assignment
Shorthand Assignments
right-to-
left

58
Exercise
Sr. Exercise
1. int i=1;
i=2+2*i++;
2. int a=2,b=7,c=10;
c=a==b;
3. int a=2,b=7,c=10;
c=a!=b;
4. int a=100 + 200 / 10 - 3 * 10
5. int a = 2, b = 6, c = 12, d;
d = a * b + c / b;
printf("The value of d = %d ", d);
Answer
4
0
1
90
14

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