class 11 physics project on bernoulli's principle
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The document presents a project on Bernoulli's Principle, detailing concepts such as pressure, Pascal's law, hydraulics, and various applications including hydraulic lifts and venturi tubes. It discusses the dynamics of fluid flow, including the derivations of Bernoulli's equation and Torricelli's theorem, as well as misconceptions regarding aerodynamic lift. Acknowledgments are given to the school, teachers, and peers who supported the project along with a bibliography of sources used.
![Hydraulics
Hydraulic Machines
Hydraulic Machines are machinery and tools that use fluid power for its
functioning. In these machines, a large amount of power is transferred
through small tubes and hoses. Here, fluid is transmitted throughout the
machine to motors and hydraulic cylinders, where it gets pressurized and
further transferred to the end effectors through control valves and tubes.
Hydraulic lifts
The hydraulic lift is an elevator which is operated by fluid pressure generated by a
suitable fluid. It is used to raise automobiles in service stations and garages. In a
hydraulic lift, two pistons are separated by the space filled with liquid. A piston of small
cross-section A1 is used to exert a force F1 directly on the liquid. The pressure P =F/A is
transmitted throughout the liquid to the larger cylinder attached to a larger piston of area
A2, which results in an upward force of P × A2.
Therefore, the piston is capable of supporting a large force (large weight of, say, a car, or
a truck, placed on the platform).
F2 = p x A2 = (F1)(A2/A1]
By changing the force at A1, the platform can be moved up or down. Thus, the applied
force has been increased by a factor of A2/A1, and this factor is the mechanical
advantage of the device.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/phy-161223135604-240626092407-4e249536/85/class-11-physics-project-on-bernoulli-s-principle-7-320.jpg)
class 11 physics project on bernoulli's principle
- 1. PROJECT PHYSICS SUBMITTED BY : HARSHIT ROLL NO. : 20 CLASS: XI - A SESSION: 2023-2024
- 3. Acknowledgement I would like to express my special thanks to our school ‘Delhi public school’, principal sir Mr. ‘Darshan Navichandran Kayastha’, to the management team of our school who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic BERNAULLI’S PRINCIPLE, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things. Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.
- 4. Continuity Equation Continuity Equation Continuity Equation Hydraulics Hydraulics Hydraulics Bernoulli’s Equation Bernoulli’s Equation Bernoulli’s Equation Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation Venturi Tube Venturi Tube Venturi Tube Derivation of Torricelli’s Equation Derivation of Torricelli’s Equation Derivation of Torricelli’s Equation Pascal’s Law Pascal’s Law Pascal’s Law PRESSURE PRESSURE PRESSURE Streamlines Streamlines Streamlines Aerodynamic Lift Aerodynamic Lift Aerodynamic Lift Misconceptions of Lift Misconceptions of Lift Misconceptions of Lift Conclusion & bibliography Conclusion & bibliography Conclusion & bibliography INDEX INDEX
- 5. PRESSURE 1. Pressure is defined as force per unit area. 2. Standard unit is Pascal, which is N/m² 3. For liquid pressure, the medium is considered as a continuous distribution of matter. 4. For gas pressure, it is calculated as the average pressure of molecular collisions on the container. 5. Pressure acts perpendicular on the surface. 6. Pressure is a scalar quantity – pressure has no particular direction (i.e. acts in every direction).
- 6. Pascal’s Law Pf = P0 + ρgh 1.“When there is an increase in pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every point in the container.” 2. In a fluid, all points at the same depth must be at the same pressure. 3. Consider a fluid in equilibrium.
- 7. Hydraulics Hydraulic Machines Hydraulic Machines are machinery and tools that use fluid power for its functioning. In these machines, a large amount of power is transferred through small tubes and hoses. Here, fluid is transmitted throughout the machine to motors and hydraulic cylinders, where it gets pressurized and further transferred to the end effectors through control valves and tubes. Hydraulic lifts The hydraulic lift is an elevator which is operated by fluid pressure generated by a suitable fluid. It is used to raise automobiles in service stations and garages. In a hydraulic lift, two pistons are separated by the space filled with liquid. A piston of small cross-section A1 is used to exert a force F1 directly on the liquid. The pressure P =F/A is transmitted throughout the liquid to the larger cylinder attached to a larger piston of area A2, which results in an upward force of P × A2. Therefore, the piston is capable of supporting a large force (large weight of, say, a car, or a truck, placed on the platform). F2 = p x A2 = (F1)(A2/A1] By changing the force at A1, the platform can be moved up or down. Thus, the applied force has been increased by a factor of A2/A1, and this factor is the mechanical advantage of the device.
- 10. Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation
- 11. Venturi tube What is a Venturi Tube? A Venturi tube is a tubular setup for calculating the flow of fluids. The fluid moves through a pipe of inconsistent diameter. To reduce excessive drag, Venturi tubes usually have one entry cone of thirty degrees and five degrees exit cone. Typically, Venturi tubes are used in conditions where the permanent loss of pressure is not tolerable and where the highest accuracy is required in the case of heavily viscous liquids. A pressure reduction, accompanied by a rise in the flow velocity, is the basis of the laws of fluid dynamics. In 1738, Daniel Bernoulli derived the relationship between velocity, pressure and other properties of a fluid. Fundamentally, his theorem is applied in the development of aircraft wings to generate lift from the airflow over the wing surface.
- 12. Derivation of Torricelli’s Equation Torricelli’s Theorem Torricelli had interests in various aspects of physics and mathematics and torricelli’s theorem was one of his biggest achievements. The law explains the relation between fluid leaving a hole and the liquid’s height in that container. The relationship can be summarized in the following manner. If you have a container filled with fluid with small holes at the bottom of the container, the fluid leaves through the hole with velocity same as it would experience if dropped from the same height to the hole level. If the liquid is dropped from a height “h”, it would have a velocity v and this “v” is the same velocity at which the liquid leaves the hole when the height of fluid “h” is same as the liquid dropped in the container. We also assume that it is an ideal fluid which means that the liquid is incompressible, non-viscous and laminar flow. These factors cannot be neglected since the same rules cannot be applied to non-fluids as their viscosity and flow may not be the same across the liquid itself.
- 13. Streamlines A streamline is a path traced out by a massless particle as it moves with the flow. Velocity is zero at the surface. As you move away from the surface, the velocity uniformly approaches the free stream value (fluid molecules nearby the surface are dragged due to viscosity). The layer at which the velocity reaches the free stream value is called boundary layer. It does not necessarily match the shape of the object – boundary layer can be detached, creating turbulence (wing stall in aerodynamic terms).
- 14. Dynamic lift
- 15. 1.In many popular literature, encyclopedia, and even textbooks, Bernoulli’s Law is used incorrectly to explain the aerodynamic lift. #1: Equal transit time - The air on the upper side of the wing travels faster because it has to travel a longer path and must “catch up” with the air on the lower side. The error lies in the specification of velocity. Air is not forced to “catch up” with the downside air. Also, this theory predicts slower velocity than in reality. Misconceptions of Lift
- 16. Conclusion Bernoulli's law states that if a non-viscous fluid is flowing along a pipe of varying cross section, then the pressure is lower at constrictions where the velocity is higher, and the pressure is higher where the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnate. Many people find this situation paradoxical when they first encounter it (higher velocity, lower pressure). Venturimeter, atomiser and filter pump Bernoulli’s principle is used in venturimeter to find the rate of flow of a liquid. It is used in a carburettor to mix air and petrol vapour in an internal combustion engine. Bernoulli’s principle is used in an atomiser and filter pump. Wings of Aeroplane Wings of an aeroplane are made tapering. The upper surface is made convex and the lower surface is made concave. Due to this shape of the wing, the air currents at the top have a large velocity than at the bottom. Consequently the pressure above the surface of the wing is less as compared to the lower surface of the wing. This difference of pressure is helpful in giving a vertical lift to the plane.
- 17. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Help from Internet www.sceincefare.com www.mycbsegide.com 2. Help from books Reference from H.C.Verma Reference from physics NCERT BIBLIOGRAPHY