Class 12 biology Reproductive Health.pdf
- 2. • Reproduction Health : Healthy reproductive organ with normal function • WHO ‘A total well being in all aspect of reproduction, i.e. physical, emotional , behavioral and social. India is the first country in world to initiate national ride ime"are health programme - -> Family planning in 1951 * Reproduction and child health care (MCH)-1977
- 3. problems - - - I lack of awarnell about personal hygiene 2 myth and misconception of sexual related aspects b) illegal aboutions 4) Femal focticides 5, Population explosion.- "Democraphy" 6, 4 maternal and total mortality rate 7/ Lack of awarned about STD's regies Awarnell about see related aspects and sip's y contraceptive method. ↳ I maternal and fetal mortality rate ↳ post natal care. ⑮ sereductions in school and colleges I preventation of sen abuse and see releated crime 1 Research in reproductive health.
- 4. would population - 1900 -> 2 billion (2000 million) 2000 -> 6 billion 2011-> 7 .2 billion india population - - - 350 million - at the time of independence close to billion 5 2000 1.2 billion -> May 2011 Dining waveovera
- 5. • The characteristics of an ideal contraceptive are • Highly effective. • No side effects. • Rapidly reversible. • Cheap • Widespread availability. • Acceptable to all cultures and religions. • Easily distributed. #
- 6. • CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS • Spacing methods • Terminal methods • Pregnancy vaccines. · Green I °@π@⑦
- 7. 1. SpacingMethods • Help in prevention of pregnancy as long as they are used. • These methods can help in timing and spacing of pregnancies, preventing unwanted children. • These methods are temporary methods. po to & -
- 8. I)Natural Method • Avoid chances of ova and sperm meeting. • 1).Periodic abstinence • Calender method • Couples avoid coitus from 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle • Advantage – most natural • Disadvantage – most unreliable when cycle are irregular & ovulation time is variable. * - - - T Boration
- 9. • 2)Withdrawalor coitus interrupts • Male partner withdrawals his copulatory organ from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination • 3.Lactational amenorrhea • No Menstrual cycle, No ovulation • Safe up to 6 month from parturition • No side effect for natural methods
- 10. II.Barrier methods • Physically meeting of ovum and sperm prevented i)Condoms&Femidoms Mechanism of action, • Prevents deposition of semen into vagina. Advantages – • Easily available , safe, inexpensive • Use dose not require medical supervision. • Provide protection againstSTD. Dis-advantage • May slip off or tear off. • Interfere with sexual sensation. • Failure rate of condom : 10 - 14% • Failure rate of Femidom : 5- 15% . . . => rubber sated sheath. Emp
- 11. • Ii)Reusable barriers • Includes Diaphragms, Cervical caps insert into female reproductive track to cover the cervix during intercourse vaults . /
- 12. Diaphargm. –Flexible rim made up of spring. • Cup shaped synthetic rubber or plastic. • Inserted into vagina over the cervix. Cervical caps. • Smaller than Diaphargm, • Applied on cervix itself.
- 13. Advantages. • Inexpensive. • A diaphragm along with spermicidal is very effective. • Do not require medical consultation. Disadvantages. • Demonstration by trained person needed for proper use. • Failure most common – due to displacement of device. • Cervicitis ( inflammation of cervix) & local irritation. v - T -
- 14. • Iii)IUDs (Intra Uterine Devices) • These are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina • A) Non medicated -----Lippes loop • B)Cu-releasing IUDs------Cu T, Cu7, Multiload 375. • C)Hormonal IUDs--------Progestasert,LNG20. Imp - → most widely accepted method of contraception in indie i¥ -
- 15. First Generation IUD’S • These devices were made of polyethylene and are non-medicated • -Double S shaped • - can be kept in uterus as long as desire Eg -Lippes loop - = → increasing phagocytosis of sperm cells .
- 16. Second Generation IUD’S • These are also made of polyethylene but copper is added into these. The copper enhances the contraceptive effect. • Variety of copper devices are Cu T, Cu7, Multiload 375 by decrearing motility of sperm + cells
- 17. Third Generation IUD’S • These contains hormones which is released slowly in the uterus. • The hormone affects the lining of the uterus and cervical mucus. • Hormone cylinder contains : 38mg of progesterone • - Cylinder daily releases 65micro gms of progesterone • -Life span : 1year • Eg: Progestasert, LNG20. X - - - makes the uteries unstable for implantation.
- 18. • Advantages. • Safe • Effective • Reversible • Failure rate 1-3% • Easily pulled out when not required. • Long term contraception. • Disadvantages. • May cause heavy bleeding. • May come out accidently. Risk of ectopic pregnancy. also IUD used as - - o emergency D contraceptive method . . -
- 19. III) Hormonal methods Oral contraceptives (pills) • There are variety of oral contraceptive pills • Combined pills:-MALA-D , MALA-N. • Inhibit secretion of FSH & LH • Prevent ovulation • Everyday orally at night for 21 days. ( from 5th day to 25th day of cycle) &>E4 Failurate rate - 0.1%. - . - .
- 20. Non-steroidal contraceptives: • Developed by Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) • saheli :weekly oral pills n IIP IIP - in Lac know - - ffailuverate-l.83s.fi
- 21. • C)Emergency contraceptives • Morning –after pills => ned within 72 he often coitus. Emp IND also act as emergency ceptive contra -
- 22. • b)Injectables and Implants (Non oral contraceptives) • Implants under skin • Progesterone along or in combination with estrogen • Mode of action similar to oral pills • Effective period is much longer ① ② ① ① e. ii.i. ÷
- 23. • Norplant – 6 flexible silastic (silicon) tubes • 35 mg progesterone. • Norplant 2 – 2 rods of levonorgesterol • Location – beneath skin of arm or forearm. • Contraception – 5-6 yrs. ⑧. . . -x@⑦*I
- 24. Depot preparation. Injectable • I. DMPA (Depot medroxy progestrone acetete) • II. NET-EN ( Norethiseterone anante ) • Both of these contain synthetic progestogen. • Progestogenprevents ovulation. - ~ ⑲ ---- .. enanthate - - - - - -
- 25. • Antispermatogenic Drugs – inhibit spermatogenesis. • 1. Male pill (Gossypol) • Composition – • Gossypol, phenolic derivatives of cottonseed oil. • Causes azoospermia. p. pils-> china (2000) - - ↓ ⑧ - - Absence testosterone pill - - - - -
- 26. IV)Chemical methods • Contains Spermicidal chemicals. • Available in the form of creams, jelly, foam tablets.. #-) 2m04 , KMMOU) - boric acid/ Tiˢ - -
- 29. VI)Medical termination pregnancy • Voluntary termination of pregnancy • 45 to 50 million MTPs performed in a year all over the world • Govt of India legalized in 1971& act come into force from April 1 , 1972 • It is safe during first trimester • Person who can do MTP • Medicals – continuation of pregnancy is hazardous to the mother. • Eugenic – substantialrisk to the child if born. • Humanitarian ground.– when pregnancy is result of rape. • Failure of contraceptive methods. - - - 1/s of total conceived Imp pregnancies in a year week first endment Act, 2017 - - > MTP with in 12 week - Im - 12 week only one registered medical - - - practitioner require - > miP fever then 24 weeks, two registered medical practitioner require.
- 30. Methods of termination • 1 st trimester Medical - Mifepristone • - Mifepristone & Misoprostol • - Methotrexate & Misoprostol • - Tamoxifene & misoprostol Surgical – Vacuum aspiration • - suction evacuation & or curettage • - Dialatation and evacuation (R4-486) - * * * *******
- 33. Amniocentesis = > marital disorders - - 10-15 ml ermination - - - 0 ....". - licellors ↑ ·I ↓ ⑭ kavyotyping se -> -
- 36. 100)(ov) (venereal diseases) - > ivansmitted through sexual intercourse - > Hepatitis - B, MIX also transmitted by shaving of injections; surgical instruments etc.. - AIDS - > HIX ~ Mepatitis B -> HBX Genital herps -> Herpes simplex virus II Bu Gonouhoea -> Neisseria gonowhoea E syphilis-> Treponema pallidum Yester E chlamydiasis -> Chlamydia trachomatis venital wants -> HPX trichomoniasis -> Trichomonas vaginalis - > Except Mepatitis, Genital herps, and HIV other diseases are completely avable it detected early - > symptoms 6- Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swelling in genital region. -> complications include pelvic inflammatory diseases, PID), Abortion, still births, ectopic pregnancy, infertility (or even cancer of reproductive tract.
- 37. preventation - T - 3) Avoid sea with unknown partners/multiple partners I use of condoms during colts is Early diagnosis.
- 38. Infertility & ARTs • Inability to produce childrens • Reasons could be physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunological or psychological. • The couples could be assisted to have childrens through certain techniques commonly known as ARTs • A)IVF ( ZIFT, IUT) • B)GIFT • C)ICSI • D)AI . - -
- 39. - - blood test 4- seminal plasma examination - :
- 42. ICSI
- 44. invite
- 45. - - -