Class 3 Review
- 1. MANNERISM: The Madonna with the Long Neck by Parmigianino, Italy, c.1535 Other key mannerist painters include: Giulio Romano Pontormo Rosso Fiorentino Bronzino
- 2. MANNERISM: PONTORMO Pontormo (1494-1557): --Born Jacopo Carrucci in the city of Pontormo. --May have studied under Leonardo da Vinci before entering Andrea del Sarto’s workshop. --One of the first Florentine artists to turn away from the High Renaissance and towards Mannerism.
- 3. MANNERISM: ROSSO FIORENTINO Rosso Fiorention (1494-1540): --Born in Florence --Studied under Andrea del Sarto, but refused any permanent master. --Moved to France and painted there for Francois I. --Noted for his strange quirks, including a pet baboon; supposedly committed suicide after accusing a friend of theft falsely.
- 4. MANNERISM: BRONZINO Agnolo Bronzino (1503- 1572): --Born in Firenze. --Studied under Pontormo and painted in Florence. --Painted for Duke Cosimo I de Medici.
- 5. MANNERISM: PARMIGIANINO Parmigianino (1503- 1540): --Born Girolamo Francesco Mazzola in Parma. --Worked in Rome, Bologna, and Parma. --Accused of growing increasingly eccentric, becoming obsessed with alchemy and allowing his beard to grow long and disordered.
- 6. MANNERISM: --Emphasis on artistic virtuosity; sprezzatura --Deliberately difficult, to the point illegibility; if it is too easy, it lacks class --Grazia (grace): emphasis on elegance --Taste for bizarre and novel, often including erotic --Abstraction—art placing aesthetic concerns over worldly concerns and religious values
- 7. COUNCIL OF TRENT (1545-63): Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation. Counter-Reformation Calls for reform of art within the Church, as the Mannerist style was considered inappropriate.
- 8. Giulio de’Fabriano (1564; Dialogues of the Errors of History Painting): criticizes contemporary Catholic artists for showing a lack of piety and devotion and paying no attention to subject matter; rather, he claims, they interested only in “the charms of art.” Says true beauty is in clarity, and both in style and subject matter art should strive for beauty through clarity.
- 9. Archbishop Paleotti of Bologna (Discourse on Sacred and Profane Images): art should be clear and easy to understand— “ books for the illiterate.” Desires an new art that will “ incite devotion and sting the heart.”
- 10. Some points of Church decrees on the reform of art: --No “seductive charms;” no eroticism, lasciviousness --The main function of art must be to incite devotion and inspire the heart of the worshipper --Art should instruct the worshipper in tenets of the Faith
- 11. Philip II by Titian (1551) El Escorial: Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera --Charles V retires in 1556, leaving control of Spain, its territories and defense of the Catholic faith in the hands of his son, Philip II. --Among Philip’s early projects is a royal monastery, El Escorial, construction on which begins in 1563. COUNTER-REFORMATION: SPAIN (Hapsburgs/Habsburgs)
- 12. EL ESCORIAL: J. FERENANDEZ DE NAVARRETE (EL MUDO) Juan Fernandez de Navarrete (El Mudo): --Born in Logorno c.1538 --Called “El Mudo” because he was a deaf mute; struck deaf by a childhood illness --Lived and worked in Italy, returning to Spain around 1565 --Starts work at the Escorial as a restorer and copyist --Is eventually made the principal painter at the Escorial and signs a contract for 32 paintings for chapels in the basilica
- 13. EL ESCORIAL: J. FERENANDEZ DE NAVARRETE (EL MUDO) The Martyrdom of St. James by El Mudo (c.1570) “ The attitude and movement of the knife passing through the neck is done with such propriety and naturalism that those who see it will swear that he is already starting to expire.” — Father Jose de Siguenza
- 14. EL ESCORIAL: J. FERENANDEZ DE NAVARRETE (EL MUDO) El Mudo dies in 1579 Only 8 of his 32 commissioned paintings had been completed
- 15. DOMENIKOS THEOTOKOPULOS: EL GRECO El Greco: --Born 1541 in Candia (Heraklion), Crete --Trained as an icon painter --By 1563 listed as a master icon painter
- 16. EL GRECO: CRETE, ICONS Dormition of the Virgin and St. Luke Mid-1560s gives up his trade on Crete, moves to Venice, Italy (Crete was part of the Venetian Republic) to retrain himself as an Italian-style artist.
- 17. EL GRECO: ROME Staying at the Farnese Palace, El Greco was introduced by the palace librarian, a scholar named Fulvio Orsini, into a learned circle that included several prominent Spaniards. Among them was Luis de Castilla, whose father Diego was a dean at Toledo Cathedral. Luis de Castilla encouraged El Greco to move to Spain, and helped arrange a commission for him in the sacristy of the cathedral.
- 18. EL GRECO: SPAIN—Toledo The Disrobing of Christ (1577-79)
- 19. EL GRECO: SPAIN—El Escorial The Martyrdom of St. Maurice and the Theban League (1580-81)
- 20. EL GRECO: SPAIN—El Escorial The Martyrdom of St. Maurice and the Theban League (1580-81) “ There is a painting here by one Domenico Greco . . . of St. Maurice and his soldiers . . . it did not please his majesty which is no wonder . . . although they say that it has great art . . . (Improper art can) deceive the ignorant mind by means of certain tricks and illusions, and thus succeed in pleasing the ignorant and thoughtless . . . (but) as our own Mudo said . . . ‘the saints must be painted in such a way that the desire to pray to them . . . is unfailing . . . because this must be the main effect and purpose of painting.’”--Siguenza
- 21. EL ESCORIAL: ITALIAN PAINTERS Pellegrino Tibaldi: Came to the Escorial in 1586, assigned to complete the unfinished work of the other painters, as well as the library and other areas.
- 22. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ 1323: Death of Gonzalo Ruiz de Toledo, Count of township of Orgaz; a sponsor of the Church of Santo Tome in Toledo (where he wished to be interred), he left an endowment to be paid annually by the residents of Orgaz to the church
- 23. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ 1327: Gonazlo Ruiz’s body is transferred from its original burial site in an Augustinian monastery to Santo Tome; when he was being interred at Santo Tome, a miracle occurred.
- 24. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ “ Two glorious saints, St. Stephen . . . and St. Augustine . . . descending from on high . . . reaching the body, they carried it to the tomb where . . . they placed it, saying: ‘ Such is the reward of those who serve God and His saints,’ and then they disappeared, leaving the church full of fragrance and heavenly aromas.”
- 25. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ 1564: The town had, after two centuries, tired of paying the endowment. They had refused payment for several years. Andres Nunez, the parish priest of Santo Tome, brings a lawsuit against the town of Orgaz seeking back payment of the endowment
- 26. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ 1569: Lawsuit settled in favor of Santo Tome, and the church, receiving back payments, is greatly enriched
- 27. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ 1583: Andres Nunez and Santo Tome receive official recognition of a miracle and authorization to depict it in a painting
- 28. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ 1587: El Greco signs contract for the commission; Santo Tome was his parish church
- 29. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ 1588: El Greco completes the painting
- 30. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ Two modes Heavenly realm: more abstract Worldly realm: more material— realism
- 31. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ John the Baptist, Virgin Mary as intercessors Angel holding up Gonzalo Ruiz’s soul for judgment
- 32. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ St. Stephen, Gonzalo Ruiz, and St. Augustine
- 33. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ Pointing: draw viewer’s attention to a point of importance; a lesson is being taught.
- 34. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ Justification through good works
- 35. EL GRECO: THE BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAZ Good works bring you into a saving relation with God
Editor's Notes
- #2: so pretty heady stuff, from hard fisted propaganda campaign to theology, the protestants really on the offensive—what are the catholics doing, what is their response? Not much, some bad propaganda, maybe draw a beard on luther. really caught with their pants down, like they can’t believe its real, and it deosn’t take long before they have lost half of europe, and at home in italy, where church itself lives, how are italian aritsts responding, not, mannerism
- #3: so pretty heady stuff, from hard fisted propaganda campaign to theology, the protestants really on the offensive—what are the catholics doing, what is their response? Not much, some bad propaganda, maybe draw a beard on luther. really caught with their pants down, like they can’t believe its real, and it deosn’t take long before they have lost half of europe, and at home in italy, where church itself lives, how are italian aritsts responding, not, mannerism
- #4: so pretty heady stuff, from hard fisted propaganda campaign to theology, the protestants really on the offensive—what are the catholics doing, what is their response? Not much, some bad propaganda, maybe draw a beard on luther. really caught with their pants down, like they can’t believe its real, and it deosn’t take long before they have lost half of europe, and at home in italy, where church itself lives, how are italian aritsts responding, not, mannerism
- #5: so pretty heady stuff, from hard fisted propaganda campaign to theology, the protestants really on the offensive—what are the catholics doing, what is their response? Not much, some bad propaganda, maybe draw a beard on luther. really caught with their pants down, like they can’t believe its real, and it deosn’t take long before they have lost half of europe, and at home in italy, where church itself lives, how are italian aritsts responding, not, mannerism
- #6: so pretty heady stuff, from hard fisted propaganda campaign to theology, the protestants really on the offensive—what are the catholics doing, what is their response? Not much, some bad propaganda, maybe draw a beard on luther. really caught with their pants down, like they can’t believe its real, and it deosn’t take long before they have lost half of europe, and at home in italy, where church itself lives, how are italian aritsts responding, not, mannerism
- #7: so pretty heady stuff, from hard fisted propaganda campaign to theology, the protestants really on the offensive—what are the catholics doing, what is their response? Not much, some bad propaganda, maybe draw a beard on luther. really caught with their pants down, like they can’t believe its real, and it deosn’t take long before they have lost half of europe, and at home in italy, where church itself lives, how are italian aritsts responding, not, mannerism
- #8: so pretty heady stuff, from hard fisted propaganda campaign to theology, the protestants really on the offensive—what are the catholics doing, what is their response? Not much, some bad propaganda, maybe draw a beard on luther. really caught with their pants down, like they can’t believe its real, and it deosn’t take long before they have lost half of europe, and at home in italy, where church itself lives, how are italian aritsts responding, not, mannerism
- #9: book: diagoluges of the errors of history painitng
- #10: book: diagoluges of the errors of history painitng
- #11: book: diagoluges of the errors of history painitng
- #12: construction begins in 1563, exactly same year that council of trent ending, counter ref really officially getting underway, this will become biggest, most prestigious project in europe, and if spain kings are protectors of the faith, this will become the place where counter ref decrees in art are first really put to the test. so with that, let’s turn to what art had been in spain—if this is going to be new coutner ref show place, what would phil have to choose from in spanish artists. Juan Bautista de Toledo who drew the plans for the monastery and Juan de Herrera
- #13: certainly deriviative, boring, but not mannedre, at least tells the story clearly, at leats a place to work from
- #14: certainly deriviative, boring, but not mannedre, at least tells the story clearly, at leats a place to work from
- #15: certainly deriviative, boring, but not mannedre, at least tells the story clearly, at leats a place to work from
- #18: he is getting better, and annunciation, perspetive and space more convincing and also more electric, getting that tintoretto atmosphere thing down better, and his portraits are OK. intellectual circles, ekphrasis, and incl. spans.
- #19: funny, kind of gone back to iconic00flateened space. masterpiece of colore painting
- #20: show details, point out all the mannerist details—troubling,does it fit ocutner ref—tell story?, sting the heart? clarity?, martyrdom put in background, weird nudes. isit a martyrdom for the faith, or just a bunchof guys with sexy legs?
- #21: show details, point out all the mannerist details—troubling,does it fit ocutner ref—tell story?, sting the heart? clarity?, martyrdom put in background, weird nudes. isit a martyrdom for the faith, or just a bunchof guys with sexy legs?
- #22: this will be the guy who finally finishes it.
- #23: WHAT HAPPENS WITH EG. CRAZY CAREER, SO MANY STOPS AND STARTS, AND AFTER BLOWING AT ESCORIAL, NOW ALMOST 40, STUCK IN SPAIN, AND BLOWING IT WITH CATH IN TOLEDO, YOU WOULD THINK THAT IS THE LAST WE WILL HEAR FROM HIM, AND YET AMAZINGLY HE FROM HERE, WITHOUT ROYAL SUPPORT, WITH OUT THE CATH, BLAZE A CAREER AS ONE OF HISTORY’S FINEST RELIG PAINTERS. BACK TO TOLEDO, HARDLY EVER WORKS ANYWHERE AGAIN. BECOMES HIS CITY, STILL IS TO THIS DAY, AND IF HAD HAD THIS CONSCIOUSNESS OF RELIGIOSITY AT ESC MAYBE TURNED OUT DIFFERENTLY
- #24: WHAT HAPPENS WITH EG. CRAZY CAREER, SO MANY STOPS AND STARTS, AND AFTER BLOWING AT ESCORIAL, NOW ALMOST 40, STUCK IN SPAIN, AND BLOWING IT WITH CATH IN TOLEDO, YOU WOULD THINK THAT IS THE LAST WE WILL HEAR FROM HIM, AND YET AMAZINGLY HE FROM HERE, WITHOUT ROYAL SUPPORT, WITH OUT THE CATH, BLAZE A CAREER AS ONE OF HISTORY’S FINEST RELIG PAINTERS. BACK TO TOLEDO, HARDLY EVER WORKS ANYWHERE AGAIN. BECOMES HIS CITY, STILL IS TO THIS DAY, AND IF HAD HAD THIS CONSCIOUSNESS OF RELIGIOSITY AT ESC MAYBE TURNED OUT DIFFERENTLY
- #25: WHAT HAPPENS WITH EG. CRAZY CAREER, SO MANY STOPS AND STARTS, AND AFTER BLOWING AT ESCORIAL, NOW ALMOST 40, STUCK IN SPAIN, AND BLOWING IT WITH CATH IN TOLEDO, YOU WOULD THINK THAT IS THE LAST WE WILL HEAR FROM HIM, AND YET AMAZINGLY HE FROM HERE, WITHOUT ROYAL SUPPORT, WITH OUT THE CATH, BLAZE A CAREER AS ONE OF HISTORY’S FINEST RELIG PAINTERS. BACK TO TOLEDO, HARDLY EVER WORKS ANYWHERE AGAIN. BECOMES HIS CITY, STILL IS TO THIS DAY, AND IF HAD HAD THIS CONSCIOUSNESS OF RELIGIOSITY AT ESC MAYBE TURNED OUT DIFFERENTLY
- #26: WHAT HAPPENS WITH EG. CRAZY CAREER, SO MANY STOPS AND STARTS, AND AFTER BLOWING AT ESCORIAL, NOW ALMOST 40, STUCK IN SPAIN, AND BLOWING IT WITH CATH IN TOLEDO, YOU WOULD THINK THAT IS THE LAST WE WILL HEAR FROM HIM, AND YET AMAZINGLY HE FROM HERE, WITHOUT ROYAL SUPPORT, WITH OUT THE CATH, BLAZE A CAREER AS ONE OF HISTORY’S FINEST RELIG PAINTERS. BACK TO TOLEDO, HARDLY EVER WORKS ANYWHERE AGAIN. BECOMES HIS CITY, STILL IS TO THIS DAY, AND IF HAD HAD THIS CONSCIOUSNESS OF RELIGIOSITY AT ESC MAYBE TURNED OUT DIFFERENTLY
- #27: WHAT HAPPENS WITH EG. CRAZY CAREER, SO MANY STOPS AND STARTS, AND AFTER BLOWING AT ESCORIAL, NOW ALMOST 40, STUCK IN SPAIN, AND BLOWING IT WITH CATH IN TOLEDO, YOU WOULD THINK THAT IS THE LAST WE WILL HEAR FROM HIM, AND YET AMAZINGLY HE FROM HERE, WITHOUT ROYAL SUPPORT, WITH OUT THE CATH, BLAZE A CAREER AS ONE OF HISTORY’S FINEST RELIG PAINTERS. BACK TO TOLEDO, HARDLY EVER WORKS ANYWHERE AGAIN. BECOMES HIS CITY, STILL IS TO THIS DAY, AND IF HAD HAD THIS CONSCIOUSNESS OF RELIGIOSITY AT ESC MAYBE TURNED OUT DIFFERENTLY
- #28: WHAT HAPPENS WITH EG. CRAZY CAREER, SO MANY STOPS AND STARTS, AND AFTER BLOWING AT ESCORIAL, NOW ALMOST 40, STUCK IN SPAIN, AND BLOWING IT WITH CATH IN TOLEDO, YOU WOULD THINK THAT IS THE LAST WE WILL HEAR FROM HIM, AND YET AMAZINGLY HE FROM HERE, WITHOUT ROYAL SUPPORT, WITH OUT THE CATH, BLAZE A CAREER AS ONE OF HISTORY’S FINEST RELIG PAINTERS. BACK TO TOLEDO, HARDLY EVER WORKS ANYWHERE AGAIN. BECOMES HIS CITY, STILL IS TO THIS DAY, AND IF HAD HAD THIS CONSCIOUSNESS OF RELIGIOSITY AT ESC MAYBE TURNED OUT DIFFERENTLY
- #29: WHAT HAPPENS WITH EG. CRAZY CAREER, SO MANY STOPS AND STARTS, AND AFTER BLOWING AT ESCORIAL, NOW ALMOST 40, STUCK IN SPAIN, AND BLOWING IT WITH CATH IN TOLEDO, YOU WOULD THINK THAT IS THE LAST WE WILL HEAR FROM HIM, AND YET AMAZINGLY HE FROM HERE, WITHOUT ROYAL SUPPORT, WITH OUT THE CATH, BLAZE A CAREER AS ONE OF HISTORY’S FINEST RELIG PAINTERS. BACK TO TOLEDO, HARDLY EVER WORKS ANYWHERE AGAIN. BECOMES HIS CITY, STILL IS TO THIS DAY, AND IF HAD HAD THIS CONSCIOUSNESS OF RELIGIOSITY AT ESC MAYBE TURNED OUT DIFFERENTLY
- #30: WHAT HAPPENS WITH EG. CRAZY CAREER, SO MANY STOPS AND STARTS, AND AFTER BLOWING AT ESCORIAL, NOW ALMOST 40, STUCK IN SPAIN, AND BLOWING IT WITH CATH IN TOLEDO, YOU WOULD THINK THAT IS THE LAST WE WILL HEAR FROM HIM, AND YET AMAZINGLY HE FROM HERE, WITHOUT ROYAL SUPPORT, WITH OUT THE CATH, BLAZE A CAREER AS ONE OF HISTORY’S FINEST RELIG PAINTERS. BACK TO TOLEDO, HARDLY EVER WORKS ANYWHERE AGAIN. BECOMES HIS CITY, STILL IS TO THIS DAY, AND IF HAD HAD THIS CONSCIOUSNESS OF RELIGIOSITY AT ESC MAYBE TURNED OUT DIFFERENTLY
- #31: TAKE A LOOK AT THE PAINTING, IT WAS A VERY SPEC COMM, HE WAS EXPECTED TO DO THE STS INTERVENING AT FUNERAL, AND A HEAVENLY GLORY ABOVE, TURNS IT INTO A REALLY GREAT STATEMENT OF COUTNER REF THEOLOGY
- #32: so heavenly realm, abstract, transcendent, not materila because not the material realm—immaterial—elongated proportions, etc., so kind of mannerist mode, but here with an expressive purpose, transendence, immateriality, as opposed to more material, realism at bottom
- #33: lower level material--so focus on textures, realistic portrayal of the people
- #34: lower level material--so focus on textures, realistic portrayal of the people
- #35: lower level material--so focus on textures, realistic portrayal of the people
- #36: lower level material--so focus on textures, realistic portrayal of the people lower level material--so focus on textures, realistic portrayal of the people lower level material--so focus on textures, realistic portrayal of the people