Class 4 PPP
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This document provides an overview of the Japanese education system from preschool through primary school. It details the different types of preschools (hoikuen and yochien), enrollment rates, characteristics, curriculum, and administration. Primary schools are compulsory, run by municipalities, and emphasize group learning and socialization. Teachers instruct all core subjects, and schools provide lunches and extracurricular activities. The education system aims to develop both academic and social-emotional skills from an early age.
Class 4 PPP
- 2. Participation Rate (0-2 y.o.) Source: OECD (2016). OECD Family Database.
- 3. Enrolment Rate (3-5 y.o.) Source: OECD (2016). OECD Family Database.
- 4. Enrolment Rate (3-5 y.o.) Source: OECD (2016). OECD Family Database.
- 5. Hoikuen vs.Yochien Hoikuen (nursery school) - for working parents* - from 1 month to 5 y.o. - run all day*, M-F*, all year* - some offer extended care - no buses, no uniforms - food, snacks provided - not enough – waiting lists - Ministry of Health, Labor & Welfare ( Kousei Roudou Shou) Youchien (kindergarten) - for all parents - for preschoolers (3-5 y.o.) - 9am~2pm, Monday~Friday - have long holidays in summer, winter, spring - usually buses, uniforms - must bring o-bento - wider variety of choice - Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology MEXT ( Monbu Kagaku Shou) Source: National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER) (2011). Preschool Education and Care in Japan. Tokyo: NIER.
- 6. Source: City ofYokohama. (Summer 2015) NakaWard Town News Hoikuen ( )
- 7. Hoikuen vs.Yochien (2008) Source: National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER) (2011). Preschool Education and Care in Japan. Tokyo: NIER. Age Hoikuen (000) Yochien (000) 0 50 (4%) - 1 230 (22%) - 2 320 (29%) - 3 400 (38%) 430 (41%) 4 460 (42%) 600 (55%) 5 455 (41%) 645 (58%)
- 8. Preschool in Three Cultures Revisited Socialization: • Children have fewer siblings and the quality of parenting in Japan is decreasing. Also, there are fewer opportunities to play with neighborhood kids. • Preschools are expected to compensate for this situation by providing opportunities for socially complex play. – Crying and fighting are symptoms of social inexperience and are an opportunity to learn. • That is, preschools are playing a larger role in socializing children. Some argue that primary socialization is becoming less important, and secondary socialization is being given a larger role in contemporary Japan.
- 9. Characteristics of Preschools • Both intellectual development and emotional/social development are emphasized, as they are seen to be closely related. • Preschools and teachers have a great deal of freedom about what and how to teach, and there is a great deal of diversity, so parents can choose* what type of education their child will receive. • The primary roles of national and local governments are to set standards for buildings and facilities, organize and facilitate teachers' careers, and decide the basic direction of care and educational activities. Source: National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER) (2011). Preschool Education and Care in Japan. Tokyo: NIER.
- 10. Characteristics of Preschools • Free playtime is much longer than in Chinese preschools, and teachers often play with children just like their peers, playing the hidden role of activating children’s play. • Outdoor activities as well as indoor activities are emphasized. • Japanese preschools do not overprotect young children, letting them wear less clothes with the feet often bare, experience small and slight injuries, etc. • On the other hand, teachers keep in constant contact with parents about the children’s daily health, behavior, and learning, using notebooks for two-way communication. Source: National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER) (2011). Preschool Education and Care in Japan. Tokyo: NIER.
- 11. Source: City ofYokohama. (Summer 2015) NakaWard Town News Hoikuen ( )
- 12. Preschool in Three Cultures: Words • hoikuen nursery school • youchien kindergarten • ijime bullying • amae sense of dependency • kodomo rashii childlike • mi-mamoru to look, guard, protect • omoiyari empathy • ki ga tsuku learn to anticipate needs of others • tate-wari kyouiku mixed-age education
- 13. Characteristics of Primary Schools Source: National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER) (2011). Primary Schools in Japan. Tokyo: NIER.
- 14. Characteristics of Primary Schools • compulsory • academic year: April 1st to March 31st, with three terms • entrance: children who are aged 6 on April 1st • no skipping or repeating grades; pupils absent for a long time always return to their age grade • 99.9% are public, run by the local municipality • designated school districts, little cross-district enrolment • increasing number of school hours per week as children get older • most primary schools provide lunch, served by pupils Source: National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER) (2011). Primary Schools in Japan. Tokyo: NIER.
- 15. Characteristics of Primary Schools • one classroom teacher is in charge of each classroom, and in principle teaches all subjects • however, upper grades usually have subject-specific teachers e.g. science, music, home economics, (English) • subjects decided by the central Ministry of Education (MEXT) in a Course of Study updated every decade or so • each pupil's performance is kept in a teaching-learning record; reports are issued to parents each term • textbooks are provided free of charg, and children carry school bags called randoseru • most schools do not have uniforms, but some do Source: National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER) (2011). Primary Schools in Japan. Tokyo: NIER.
- 16. Primary Schools Source: National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER) (2011). Primary Schools in Japan. Tokyo: NIER.
- 18. Primary School in Japan: Words #1 • nakama group of people naturally belonging together • uchi , primary group one belongs to and identifies with • tomodachi friend • attakasa warmth • yasashisa kindness • han small group organization • seikatsu han daily life small group • kyuushoku han lunch group • kakari han extra duties group • nitchoku touban daily monitor
- 19. Primary School in Japan: Words #2 • nisshi class diary • gakkyuu kai class meeting • wakare kai farewell party • zen-in asobi everyone playing together • sotsugyou happyou kai graduation show • sotsugyou shiki graduation ceremony • ganbari nooto trying-your-best notebook • jibun o kitaeru hi days for self-discipline • mokuhyou goal • katamaru making a hard lump or clique • matomeru coherent, collected, in order, united • joushiki common sense
- 20. Main References Benesse Educational Research and Development Institute (2016). Research on home education: From early childhood to first grade of elementary school (longitudinal survey). Tokyo: Benesse. City of Yokohama. (Summer 2015) NakaWard Town News. Erikson,T. H. (2015). Small places, large issues:An introduction to social and cultural anthropology. London: Pluto Press. Giddens, A. (2009). Sociology (6th ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press. National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER) (2011). Preschool education and care in Japan. Tokyo: NIER. National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER) (2011). Primary schools in Japan. Tokyo: NIER. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2016), OECD family database. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org.els/family/database.htm Scott, B. M., & Schwartz, M. A. A. (2006). Sociology: Making sense of the social world (2nd ed.). Pearson.