Class anti diarrheals
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This document discusses the causes, treatment, and management of diarrhea. It begins by defining diarrhea as three or more loose stools in a 24 hour period. The causes of diarrhea include osmotic, secretory, motility issues, altered morphology, allergies, drugs, and certain cancers. Treatment involves rehydration either orally or intravenously. Oral rehydration solutions contain sodium, potassium, citrate, and glucose. Antimicrobial therapy may be used for certain infectious causes. Probiotics can help with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Management of inflammatory bowel disease is also discussed.
Class anti diarrheals
- 1. Dr. RAGHU PRASADA M S MBBS,MD ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY SSIMS & RC. 1
- 2. Diarrhoea is too frequent, often too precipitate passage of poorly formed stools. It is defined as three or more loose watery stools in a 24 hour period. Common Causes of Diarrhoea Osmotic –lactase deficiency Secretory –cholera, E. coli Deranged intestinal motility-thyrotoxicosis Altered mucosal morphology- viral gastroenteritis Allergic diarrhoea –food allergy Drug induced diarrhoea Carcinoid and medullary carcinoma of thyroid
- 4. Treatment of fluid depletion, shock, and acidosis Maintenance of nutrition Drug therapy REHYDRATION It can orally or Intra-venous It is needed when fluid loss more than 10ml/kg/hr Or when patient is unable to take enough oral fluids due to weakness, stupor or vomiting Diarrhoea
- 6. Sodium Chloride- 2.60g Potassium Chloride- 1.50 g Sodium Citrate- 2.90g Glucose - 13.50g Water - 1 litre Total osmolarity-245mOsm/L It restores and maintain hydration, electrolyte and pH balance until diarrhoea ceases. The non-diarrhoeal uses are postsurgical, post burn, and post-trauma maintenance of hydration
- 7. Cereal –based oral rehydration solution- decrease volume loss, shorten the duration of illness, It inhibits the response of crypt cell chloride channel to cAMP Digestive process supplies large amount of glucose at the intestinal brush borders for transfer of glucose sodium ions from lumen into the bloodless luminal back drag such effect may be seen in direct glucose ingestion Moderate dehydration and acidosis- can be corrected in 3-6 hrs by ORS
- 8. Traveller’s diarrhoea-mostly due to ETEC, Campylobacter or virus: cotrimoxazole, Norfloxacin, Doxycycline reduces the duration of diarrhoea RIFAXIMIN- Minimally absorbed oral rifamycin active against E.coli and gut pathogens. It is used for empherical treatment of travellers’ diarrhoea caused by non-invasive strains of E.coli. EPEC-is less common –Cotrimoxazole, colstin Shigella enteritis-Associated with blood and mucus in stools
- 9. Non typhoid Salmonella Enteritis- fluoroquinolone, Cotrimoxazole Yersinia enterocolitica, Cholera, campylobacter jejuni and clostridium difficile-Cotrimoxazole , Ciprofloxacin Antimicrobials are of no value in Irritable bowel Syndrome (IBS) Coeliac disease Pancreatic enzyme deficiency Tropical sprue Thyrotoxicosis Rota virus diarrhoea in children
- 10. Organisms most commonly used are Lactobacillus sp Bifidobacterium Streptococcus faecalis Enterococcus sp Yeast Saccharomyces boulardii They are more efficacious for antibiotic associated diarrhoea
- 12. Includes ulcerative colitis and crohns disease Includes drug therapy, dietary and lifestyle factors SULFASALAZINE MESALAZINE BALSALAZIDE CORTICOSTEROIDS IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS-AZATHIOPRINE, METHOTREXATE, TNF α INHIBITORS-INFLIXIMAB
- 13. SULPHASALAZINE Is a compound of 5-ASA-5 amino salicylic acid with sulfapyridine linked through an azo bond The azo bond is split by colonic bacteria to release 5-ASA and sulfapyridine. It exerts a local antiinflammatory effect It inhibits cytokine, PAF-platelet activating factor, TNFα, nuclear transcription factor(NFκB) and minor effects like inhibition of both COX and LOX They inhibit the migration of inflammatory cells into bowel wall and mucosal secretion is decreased ADR-sulfapyridine N,V, rashes, joint pains, haemolysis
- 14. Mesalamine (Mesalazine)– Delayed release preparation -with pH sensitive acrylic polymer coating release 5-ASA into the terminal ileum and colon also prevent formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines Not effective orally, as it cannot reach large bowel A daily dose of 2.4g has been found to improve over 50% patients of ulcerative Balsalazine It has 5-ASA linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-β-alanine as the carrier. The 5-ASA is released in the colon, and the carrier is poorly absorbed. Safer alternative to sulfasalazine
- 15. Corticosteroids –Prednisone- Treatment for acute/severe exacerbations Patients not responding to ASA Hydrocortisone Foam based formulations coat the mucosa- topical treatment for proctitis and distal ulcerative colitis Severe-oral prednisolone-remission in 2 weeks Budesonide as enteric coated tablets used in Crohn’s disease
- 16. Immunosuppressant- Cyclosporine and Methotrexate-severe ulcerative colitis unresponsive to steroids Anti-TNF α agents- Adalimumab, Certolizumab Infliximab a new humanized antibody that targets tumour necrosis factor alpha, for crohn’s disease cross links with soluble and membrane bound TNF α inhibits T cell and macrophage function Alosetron –potent and selective 5-HT1 receptor antagonist Tricyclic antidepressants- Amitriptyline
- 17. Antibiotics- Metronidazole and Ciprofloxacin Anti-integrin monoclonal antibody- NATALIZUMAB-humanised monoclonal antibody against integrin 300 mg /4wks IV infusion
- 18. Antimotility antisecretory agents Opioid agonists-Loperamide, diphenoxylate, difenoxin, racecadotril Anticholinergics –hyoscyamine and dicycloamine α2-adrenergic receptor agonist-clonidine Somatostatin analogue-Octreotide Adsorbant drugs- kaolin, pectin, bismuth subsalicylate And lactose
- 19. Antimotility agents & anti-secretory agents: LOPERAMIDE Mechanism of action: All the commonly used opioids act principally via peripheral receptors and are preferred over opioids that penetrate central nervous system • More potent than morphine as an anti- diarrheal agent • Increases small intestinal and mouth to cecum transit time inhibition of presynaptic cholinergic nerves in the submucosal and myentric plexus 1. Intestinal motility-- receptors 2. Intestinal secretion-- receptors 3. Intestinal absorption--- & receptors
- 20. •Increases anal sphincter tone •Anti-secretory activity against cholera toxin and some forms of E. coli toxin •Half- life 11 hours •Dose: 4mg initially followed by 2mg after each subsequent stool, up to 16mg/day. •Not recommended in children <2 years.
- 21. A dipeptide Racecadotril blocks enzyme encephalinase and increases local concentration of enkephalins in intestinal mucosa which then stimulate mu- and delta-receptors. Leads to anti-diarrheal effect This drug can be used orally from children under 5 years old (including babies), but Loperamide is contraindicated in children < 5 years old.
- 22. Trivalent bismuth suspended in a mixture of magnesium aluminium silicate clay. Astringent, protective, adsorbent effect In stomach: Combines with HCl Bismuth oxychloride + Salicylic acid It can bind to toxins produced by v. cholerae, E. coli liberation of salicylic acid-prostaglandin synthesis inhibition intestinal inflammation
- 23. Cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam -they decrease the excess fecal bile acids S/E-bloating flatulence, constipation D/I- binding to other drugs and cause malabsorption PECTIN-Purified carbohydrate obtained from citrus fruits, tasteless Forms viscous colloidal solution, coats the intestinal surface
- 24. Difenoxin- Active metabolite of diphenoxylate-opioid agonist, constricts the spincters Both combined with 25 mcg of atropine to prevent abuse. Excess dose: CNS effects, anticholinergic effects, constipation, toxic megacolon Other opioids: 1. Paregoric: 2mg morphine/5mL. 2. Deodorized tincture of opium.
- 25. Hyoscyamine and dicyclomine Decrease bowel motility results in increase in fluid absorption, back from intestinal tract and in abdominal cramps α2-adrenergic receptor agonists- Clonidine Facilitates absorption, inhibits secretion of fluids and electrolytes Increases intestinal transit time Used in diabetic diarrhoea and opiod withdrawal
- 26. 14- amino acid peptide released in GIT, pancreas, D cells and enteric nerves Inhibits secretion of gastrin, cholecystokinin, glucagon, growth hormone, insulin, 5-HT Slows GI motility and inhibits gallbladder contraction It inhibits secretion of anterior pituitary hormones Stimulates intestinal fluid and electrolyte absorption Inhibits intestinal fluid secretion Inhibits release of gastrointestinal peptides.
- 27. Given for: secretory diarrheas due to tumors--- VIPomas, Carcinoid, AIDS related diarrhea inhibition of hormonal secretion and slows tumor progression Low dose sc in patients with patients with small bowel bacterial overgrowth or intestinal pseudo- obstruction secondary to scleroderma Dose: 50-250mcg subcutaneously three times daily.
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