Classification and analysis of narcotics
- 1. CLASSIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF NARCOTICS Presented by: Name: JUNAID AHMAD Roll no. 0843-MSc-18 Govt. College University, Lahore
- 2. WHAT ARE NARCOTICS: The term “NARCOTIC” is derived from the Greek word “NARCOTICOS” which implies as the state of lethargy (a state of sleepiness or deep unresponsiveness and inactivity). Narcotics are the drugs that have analgesic effects, depress the central nervous system and tend to promote sleep. Narcotics are used to patient with terminal cancer, myocardial infarction, gangrene, burns, fractures, post-surgical trauma, and as obstetric analgesia.
- 3. ADVERSE REACTION OF NARCOTICS: • Depress the respiratory system • Nausea and vomiting • Constipation • Urinary retention • Mental clouding • Histamine reaction • CNS depression can causes coma sometimes death • Overdose can causes the physical dependency
- 4. WITHDRAWAL REACTION: • Mydriais • Lacrimation • Perspiration • High blood pressure • Restlessness • Twitching tumor (uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain) • Delirium (disturbance in mental abilities) • seizures
- 5. NARCOTICS ARE NATURAL OPIOIDS: Opioids are a class of drugs naturally found in the opium poppy plant and that work in the brain to produce a variety of effects, including the relief of pain with many of these drugs. Narcotics are natural opioid which are obtained from the dried latex of opium poppy plant. White milky liquid is shown in the diagram which is Latex of opium poppy is a natural source of narcotics.
- 6. CLASSIFICATION OF NARCOTICS: According to origin the narcotics are classified into three groups: 1. Natural derivatives of opium 2. Partially synthetic drugs derived from morphine 3. The synthetic chemical that resembles in chemical structure with morphine.
- 7. NATURAL DERIVATIVES OF OPIUM: Natural derivatives of opium are alkaloid drugs. Alkaloids are a huge group of naturally occurring organic compounds which contain nitrogen atom or atoms (amino or amide in some cases) in their structures. These nitrogen atoms are usually situated in some ring (cyclic) system. The main natural occurring derivatives of opium are: 1. CODEINE: It is an alkaloid phenanthrene. It is an analgesic, antitussive, and antidiarrheal. MF: C18H21NO3, MW: 299.4g/mol 2. MORPHINE: It is also an alkaloid phenanthrene with strong analgesic action. MF: C17H19NO3, MW: 285.34 g/mol
- 8. PARTIALLY SYNTHETIC DRUGS DERIVED FROM MORPHINE: Morphine is naturally extracted from the opium latex. From morphine different other kinds of drugs are synthesized which are given below: 1. Oxycodone: It is also an alkaloid drug which is synthesized from morphine by hofmann rearrangement. It causes the same effect like morphine but it is 50% more reactive than morphine. MF: C18H21NO4 2. Heroin: It is a semisynthetic product obtained by acetylation of morphine, which occurs as a natural product in opium. Heroine is 30 times more reactive than morphine . MF C21H23NO5
- 9. 3. HYDROMORPHONE: Hydromorphone is hydrogenated ketone form of the morphine. It can be synthesized by rearrangement of morphine in the acidic medium in the presence of platinum as a catalyst. It is 80 times more reactive w.r.t morphine. MF C17H19NO3 4. Oxymorphone: It can be prepared from the solution of morphine and codeine. By dissolving these drugs into the ethanol solution in the presence of alloy of platinum. Oxymorphone is 50 times more reactive than morphine. MF C17H19NO4
- 10. THE SYNTHETIC CHEMICAL THAT RESEMBLES IN CHEMICAL STRUCTURE WITH MORPHINE: In this group that narcotics are present which are synthesized in the laboratory, these narcotics are not extracted from the plants but they show some kind of resemblances with morphine. These drugs are given below: 1. Fentanyl: It is a lipophilic phenylpiperidine. It can be prepared from N- benzyl-4-piperidone by reacting it with phenethyl bromide to give N-phenethyl-4-piperidone (NPP) which is then converted to fentanyl. It is 80 times least reactive than morphine. MF C22H28N2O
- 11. 2. LEVORPHANOL: It is a synthetic drug which can be prepared in the organic laboratory. Levorphanol is synthesized starting from cyclohexanone by its condensation with cyanoacetic acid. It mimics like morphine. MF C17H23NO. 3. Meperidine: Meperidine is a synthetic piperidine ester. Meperidine can be produced in a two-step synthesis. The first step is reaction of benzyl cyanide and chlormethine in the presence of sodium amide to form a piperidine ring. The nitrile is then converted to an ester. MF C15H21NO2
- 12. 4. METHADONE: Methadone is synthesized from Diphenylacetonitrile, which is produced through friedel- crafts-alkylation. MF C21H27NO 5. Propoxyphene: Propoxyphene is the d-isomer of synthetic diphenyl propionate derivative propoxyphene. MF C22H29NO2
- 13. ANALYSIS OF NARCOTICS: Many techniques are used in the analysis of narcotics in the field of analytical chemistry. The best techniques which are used are gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Now a days optical chemical imaging (OCI) technique is used in the forensic lab for the analysis of narcotics. Before the use of these technique preliminary tests are performed in which presumptive color test is basic for the drug analysis.
- 14. PRELIMINARY TEST OF ALKALOIDS: Before the analysis, some tests for the identification of alkaloid is performed which are given below: TEST NAME REAGENT PRESENT RESULT Dragendorff’s test Potassium bismuth iodide solution orange red ppt. Mayer’s test Potassium mercuric iodide solution White ppt.
- 15. PRELIMINARY TEST FOR NARCOTICS: COLOR TEST OF DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS ARE GIVEN BELOW: TEST NAME REAGENT PRESENT RESULTS COMPOUND Marquis reagent test Solution of formalin and H2SO4 Violet color, Reddish, Dark violet, pale violet, brown Morphine, heroin, Codeine, oxycodone, meperidine Nitric acid test 71% w/w HNO3 Orange, yellow, green Morphine, Heroin, codeine Eosin Y test Eosin disodium salt Pink, purple hydromorphone fentanyl
- 16. ANALYSIS WITH HPLC-MS SYSTEM: The reverse-phase HPLC is used in the analysis in which the polar mobile phase and the non-polar stationary phase is used. A mixture of narcotics drug were studied in the HPLC-MS system. The condition which were set shown in the table below: PARAMETERS CONDITIONS Column C-18 Isocratic mobile phase Methanol: ethanol: acetonitrile (1:1:1) detection system Mass spectrometer flow rate 1.0mL/min temperature Room temp. Retention time 6 minutes Injection volume 100 micron liter
- 17. THE SPECTRUM OF MIXTURE:
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