Classification of materials
- 2. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 2 • Historical Perspective Stone Bronze Iron Advanced materials • What is Materials Science and Engineering ? Processing Structure Properties • Classification of Materials Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Semiconductors • Advanced Materials Electronic materials, superconductors, etc. • Modern Material's Needs, Material of Future Biodegradable materials, Nanomaterials, “Smart” materials Topic Outline
- 3. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 3 • Beginning of the Material Science - People began to make tools from stone – Start of the Stone Age about two million years ago. Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc. • The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction of Bronze in the Far East. Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than one element), copper + < 25% of tin + other elements. Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms. • The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today. Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically daily life of a common person. • Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age many new types of materials have been introduced (ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites…). Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties, processing, and performance of materials. Intelligent design of new materials. Historical Perspective
- 4. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 4 • Subatomic level Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interaction among atoms (interatomic bonding). • Atomic level Arrangement of atoms in materials (for the same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and diamond) • Microscopic structure Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by microscopy. • Macroscopic structure Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye. Structure Annealing of a polycrystalline grain structure 2D simulation using Monte Carlo Potts model. 2D simulations involve 40,000 sites and takes a day to run on a fast workstation, 3D simulations involve 64 million sites, runs on 1000 processors of ASCI-Red. Monarch butterfly ~ 0.1 m
- 5. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 5 Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials. The combination of physics, chemistry, and the focus on the relationship between the properties of a material and its microstructure is the domain of Materials Science. What is Materials Science and Engineering ? Processing PropertiesStructure Observational Materials Optimization Loop
- 6. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 6 Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. Mechanical properties – response to mechanical forces, strength, etc. Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc. Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity. Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light. Chemical stability in contact with the environment - corrosion resistance. Properties
- 7. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 7 Types of Materials Let us classify materials according to the way the atoms are bound together. Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together. Strong, ductile, conduct electricity and heat well, are shiny if polished. Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms). Their electrical properties depend strongly on minute proportions of contaminants. Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs. Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative ions, and are bound by Coulomb forces. They are usually combinations of metals or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides, and carbides). Hard, brittle, insulators. Examples: glass, porcelain. Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der Waals forces, and usually based on C and H. They decompose at moderate temperatures (100 – 400 C), and are lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber.
- 8. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 8 Several uses of steel and pressed aluminum. Metals
- 9. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 9 Si wafer for computer chip devices. Semiconductors Micro-Electrical- Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
- 10. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 10 Examples of ceramic materials ranging from household to high performance combustion engines which utilize both metals and ceramics. Ceramics
- 11. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 11 Polymers include “Plastics” and rubber materials Polymers
- 12. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 12 Polymer composite materials: reinforcing glass fibers in a polymer matrix. Composites
- 13. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 13 Different materials exhibit different crystal structures and resultant Properties (a) (b) force Material Selection
- 14. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 14 Different materials exhibit different microstructures (Chapter 4) and resultant Properties Material Selection Superplastic deformation involves low-stress sliding along grain boundaries, a complex process of which material scientists have limited knowledge and that is a subject of current investigations.
- 15. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 15 How do you decide on a specific material for your application ? Material Selection
- 16. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 16 Composition, Bonding, Crystal Structure and Microstructure DEFINE Materials Properties Composition Bonding Crystal Structure Thermomechanical Processing Microstructure
- 17. Introduction To Materials Science, Chapter 1, Introduction University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 17 Design of materials having specific desired characteristics directly from our knowledge of atomic structure. • Miniaturization: “Nanostructured" materials, with microstructure that has length scales between 1 and 100 nanometers with unusual properties. Electronic components, materials for quantum computing. • Smart materials: airplane wings that deice themselves, buildings that stabilize themselves in earthquakes… • Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or photodegradable plastics, advances in nuclear waste processing, etc. • Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard tissue can be as strong as the most advanced laboratory-produced ceramics, mollusces produce biocompatible adhesives that we do not know how to reproduce… • Materials for lightweight batteries with high storage densities, for turbine blades that can operate at 2500°C, room-temperature superconductors? chemical sensors (artificial nose) of extremely high sensitivity, cotton shirts that never require ironing… Future of materials science