Classification of psy.pptx 2
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This document discusses the classification of psychological disorders. It states that psychological disorders are primarily classified based on symptoms rather than causes, unlike many physical illnesses. The two most widely used classification systems are the ICD-10 published by the WHO and the DSM-IV published by the APA. These systems aim to facilitate communication between professionals, allow for generalizations in treatment, and provide a framework for psychiatric research. The DSM-IV is multi-axial and categorizes disorders along five dimensions, including axes for clinical disorders, personality disorders, general medical conditions, psychosocial stressors, and level of functioning.
Classification of psy.pptx 2
- 2. Classification - The action or process of classifying something according to shared qualities or characteristics. - sorting ,assortment - It is a scientific clinical tool which places a particular mental disorder within a system of conventional groupings, based on important similarities in symptoms. Mental illness A classification statement is called a diagnosis.
- 3. INTRODUCTION: Most of physical conditions are classified on the basis of aetiology, e.g.: viral pneumonia. Or On the basis of structural pathology, e.g.: Bronchopneumonia. Or Based on symptoms, e.g. migraine. Psychiatric disorders are diagnosed based mainly on symptoms. Few are based on aetiology e.g. Alzheimer’s disease.
- 4. Generalized anxiety disorder Agoraphobia Social anxiety disorder Phobias Panic disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Separation anxiety Alzheimer's disease Delirium Dementia Amnesia Anxiety Disorders Cognitive Disorders
- 5. Mental retardation Learning disabilities Communication disorders Autism Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Conduct disorder Oppositional defiant disorder Bipolar disorder Major depressive disorder Cyclothymic disorder Developmental Disorders Mood Disorders
- 6. PURPOSES OF CLASSIFICATION: 1. acceptable diagnosis. 2. To facilitate communication between psychiatrists, other doctors and professionals. 3. To make generalizations in treatment response, course & prognosis of individual patients. 1. To make framework for research in psychiatry.
- 7. TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION Organic mental disorders & functional psychotic disorders - organic brain syndrome
- 8. FEATURES SUGGESTING OF ORGANIC MENTAL ILLNESS: 1. Disturbed consciousness. 2. Disturbed cognitive functions: a. Attention and concentration b. orientation: time, place & person c. Memory : immediate, recent and remote 3. Presence of physical illness e.g. DM, HTN 4. Presence of neurological features e.g. dysarthria & ataxia. 5. Old age onset. December 2006 / wendell
- 9. Psychiatric Disorders Organic Non-Organic Chronic Dementia Others Alcohol … Head Injury Etc…. Acute Delirum Psychoses Schizophrenia Mood disorders Etc…. Neuroses Anxiety disorders Adjustment dis. Dysthymia Dissociative dis. Others Personality dis. Sleep disorder Sex disorder Etc…
- 10. NEUROSIS AND PSYCHOSIS Psychosis: - unsatisfactory term - refers broadly to severe forms of mental disorders such as: a. mood disorders b. schizophrenia c. affective disorders Characteristics: - greater severity - lack of insight - patient’s inability to distinguish between subjective experience and reality e.g. hallucinations, delusions.
- 11. NEUROSIS: - unsatisfactory term. - Refers to mental disorders that are generally less severe than psychosis. Characteristics: - Symptoms are closer to normal experience - e.g. anxiety.
- 12. PsychosisNeurosis Major mental illness Abnormal in quality e.g. hallucinates Affected Drugs & ECT Minor mental illness Abnormal in quantity e.g. anxiety Preserved Psychological & drugs Severity Features Insight Treatment
- 13. MOST WIDELY USED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AMONG MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS. ICD-10 (WHO) DSM-IV (APA):
- 14. ICD-10: - International classification of diseases, 10th edition, prepared by WHO
- 15. DSM-IV: - Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, - American psychiatric association (APA) in 1994. This classification system is used by most professionals to diagnose or classify abnormal behavior. In 2004 APA published DSM-IV TR (text revised).
- 16. DSM-IV is multi-axial. It has five axes or dimensions. Axis I - includes all mental disorders except personality disorders and mental retardation. Axis II - deals with personality disorders and mental retardation. They begin early in life and persist into adult life. Axis III - describes the general medical condition that seems relevant to a case (ex. the history of B.P., diabetes, heart attack etc. of the client). Axis IV - the psychosocial and environmental problems such as family atmosphere, work situation and social condition. Axis V is a global assessment of the individual’s psychological, social and occupational functioning (GAF). The clinician or psychiatric social worker makes a rating on a scale from 1 to 100. High rating indicates good or high functioning.
- 17. Advantages of DSM-IV classification: For better communication among professionals For statistical purpose such as data collection, classification is convenient. Multi-axial approach is more comprehensive. DSM-IV is based on symptoms; hence more objective.
- 18. Disadvantages: It puts a label on a person (stigma). No two persons are identical. Grouping may go wrong. A clinician may be biased by the type of training he had, and may lack objectivity. Once a patient is diagnosed, even if it is wrong, later others may exclusively depend on this false diagnosis.
- 19. THE BASIC CATEGORIES OF CLASSIFICATION IN PSYCHIATRY: 1. Mental Retardation – impairment of intellectual functioning, present continuously from early life. 2. Personality Disorders – a pattern of inner feeling experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, presents continuously since adolescence or early adulthood. 3. Mental Disorders – abnormality of behavior or psychological experience with recognizable onset after a period of normal functioning. 4. Stress related or adjustment disorders. 5. Other Disorders – e.g. Sexual disorders, drug dependence 6. Learning and developmental disorders. 7. Disorders with onset in childhood or adolescence.