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Basic Problems of Chemical Reaction Engineering and
Potential of Membrane Reactors
Department of Chemical Engineering,
University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, PAKISTAN
Challenges in Chemical Reaction Engineering
 More then 30 000 specialty chemicals
approximately 300 intermediate chemicals
produced industrially from
 The vast majority of these intermediates are produced from a very
limited number of approximately 20 simple base chemicals for
example, ethylene, propylene, butane, ammonia, methanol,
sulfuric acid and chlorine.
 To perform efficiently the large spectrum of chemical reactions of
interest an arsenal of specific reactor types and dedicated
operating regimes has been developed and is applied in various
industries.
 The design of efficient and reliable reaction processes is the core
subject of Chemical Reaction Engineering, a discipline which can be
considered nowadays as rather mature.
29 May 2016 Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan
2
Challenges in Chemical Reaction Engineering
The main starting point of an analysis of reacting systems is typically
an evaluation and quantification of the rates of the reactions of
interest.
Based on the specific physical and chemical properties of the
reactants and products a wider range of temperature and pressure
conditions has to be considered during the early development
phases.
 The spectrum of reactor types available and operating principles applicable
is very broad.

Reactions and reactors are often classified according to the phases present.
There are reactions that can be carried out in a single phase.
However, in a reaction system often more phases are present
requiring more sophisticated configurations and operation modes
29 May 2016 Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan
3
Challenges in Chemical Reaction Engineering
The energy efficiency of endothermal and exothermal reactions performed
industrially is often not satisfactory.
In reaction networks, the selectivities and yields with respect to a certain
target product are limited
Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan

429 May 2016
Another useful classification is based on the character of the
process and distinguishes between continuous and discontinuous
(batch) operations.
To accelerate the desired reactions and/or to influence the
selectivity in reaction networks with respect to the target
products, frequently specific catalysts are applied.
 These catalysts might be present in the same phase as the reactants
(homogeneous catalysis).

To fix these often expensive materials in continuously operated
reactors, catalysts are often deposited (immobilized) on the
surface of solid porous supports (heterogeneous catalysis).
Challenges in Chemical Reaction Engineering
The energy efficiency of endothermal and exothermal reactions performed
industrially is often not satisfactory.
In reaction networks, the selectivities and yields with respect to a certain
target product are limited
Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan

529 May 2016
Despite the large efforts devoted to further develop the field of
Chemical Reaction Engineering, the performance of how chemical
reactions are carried out industrially still suffers from several
severe limitations. Very important and not sufficiently solved
problems are:
The rates of chemical reactions leading to desired products are often too low
to establish economically attractive processes.

The conversion of many reactions of interest is
thermodynamically limited, that is, the reactions proceed also in
the opposite direction and convert products back (reversible
reactions).
Challenges in Chemical Reaction Engineering
The energy efficiency of endothermal and exothermal reactions performed
industrially is often not satisfactory.
In reaction networks, the selectivities and yields with respect to a certain
target product are limited
Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan

629 May 2016
Despite the large efforts devoted to further develop the field of
Chemical Reaction Engineering, the performance of how chemical
reactions are carried out industrially still suffers from several
severe limitations. Very important and not sufficiently solved
problems are:
The rates of chemical reactions leading to desired products are often too low
to establish economically attractive processes.

The conversion of many reactions of interest is
thermodynamically limited, that is, the reactions proceed also in
the opposite direction and convert products back (reversible
reactions).
Concepts of Membrane Reactors

In the above figure the classic tubular reactor is shown.
 This reactor possesses closed walls. Thus, the reactants
introduced together at the reactor inlet (co - feed mode).
are typically
 Often tubular reactors are filled with solid catalyst particles in order to
increase the rates and selectivities.
 This classic fixed - bed or packed – bed reactor ( PBR ) is intensively studied
and used widely.
29 May 2016 Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan
7
Different concepts of membrane reactors
Concept I: Retainment of homogeneous catalysts

The membrane reactor concept shown in Figure exploits the
membrane to retain in the reactor soluble (homogeneous) catalysts.
 Thus, it allows for continuous operation without the need to separate and
recycle the typically valuable catalysts.
 Successful application for various synthesis reactions are described, for
example, by (Kragl and Dreisbach,2002).
29 May 2016 Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan
8
Classification of Reactions & Reactors
Reaction:-
Chemical Reactions are classified as:








Syntheses Reaction
Decomposition Reaction
Single-Displacement Reaction
Double-Displacement Reaction
Combustion Reaction
Precipitation Reaction
Oxidation/Reduction Reaction
Acid-Based Reaction
29 May 2016 Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan
9
Classification of Reactions
10Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
[1]
Classification of Reactions
11Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
12Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
13Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
14Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
15Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
16Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
17Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
18Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
19Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
20Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
21Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
22Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
23Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
24Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
25Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
26Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
Classification of Reactions
27Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
Classification of Reactions
28Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
[2]
Classification of Reactions
29Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
[3]
30Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
31Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
32Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
33Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
34Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
35Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
36Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
37Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
38Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
39Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
40Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
41Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
42Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
43Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
44Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
45Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
46Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016

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Classification of reactions and reactors

  • 1. Basic Problems of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Potential of Membrane Reactors Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, PAKISTAN
  • 2. Challenges in Chemical Reaction Engineering  More then 30 000 specialty chemicals approximately 300 intermediate chemicals produced industrially from  The vast majority of these intermediates are produced from a very limited number of approximately 20 simple base chemicals for example, ethylene, propylene, butane, ammonia, methanol, sulfuric acid and chlorine.  To perform efficiently the large spectrum of chemical reactions of interest an arsenal of specific reactor types and dedicated operating regimes has been developed and is applied in various industries.  The design of efficient and reliable reaction processes is the core subject of Chemical Reaction Engineering, a discipline which can be considered nowadays as rather mature.
  • 3. 29 May 2016 Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan 2
  • 4. Challenges in Chemical Reaction Engineering The main starting point of an analysis of reacting systems is typically an evaluation and quantification of the rates of the reactions of interest. Based on the specific physical and chemical properties of the reactants and products a wider range of temperature and pressure conditions has to be considered during the early development phases.  The spectrum of reactor types available and operating principles applicable is very broad.  Reactions and reactors are often classified according to the phases present. There are reactions that can be carried out in a single phase. However, in a reaction system often more phases are present requiring more sophisticated configurations and operation modes
  • 5. 29 May 2016 Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan 3
  • 6. Challenges in Chemical Reaction Engineering The energy efficiency of endothermal and exothermal reactions performed industrially is often not satisfactory. In reaction networks, the selectivities and yields with respect to a certain target product are limited Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan  429 May 2016 Another useful classification is based on the character of the process and distinguishes between continuous and discontinuous (batch) operations. To accelerate the desired reactions and/or to influence the selectivity in reaction networks with respect to the target products, frequently specific catalysts are applied.  These catalysts might be present in the same phase as the reactants (homogeneous catalysis).  To fix these often expensive materials in continuously operated reactors, catalysts are often deposited (immobilized) on the surface of solid porous supports (heterogeneous catalysis).
  • 7. Challenges in Chemical Reaction Engineering The energy efficiency of endothermal and exothermal reactions performed industrially is often not satisfactory. In reaction networks, the selectivities and yields with respect to a certain target product are limited Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan  529 May 2016 Despite the large efforts devoted to further develop the field of Chemical Reaction Engineering, the performance of how chemical reactions are carried out industrially still suffers from several severe limitations. Very important and not sufficiently solved problems are: The rates of chemical reactions leading to desired products are often too low to establish economically attractive processes.  The conversion of many reactions of interest is thermodynamically limited, that is, the reactions proceed also in the opposite direction and convert products back (reversible reactions).
  • 8. Challenges in Chemical Reaction Engineering The energy efficiency of endothermal and exothermal reactions performed industrially is often not satisfactory. In reaction networks, the selectivities and yields with respect to a certain target product are limited Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan  629 May 2016 Despite the large efforts devoted to further develop the field of Chemical Reaction Engineering, the performance of how chemical reactions are carried out industrially still suffers from several severe limitations. Very important and not sufficiently solved problems are: The rates of chemical reactions leading to desired products are often too low to establish economically attractive processes.  The conversion of many reactions of interest is thermodynamically limited, that is, the reactions proceed also in the opposite direction and convert products back (reversible reactions).
  • 9. Concepts of Membrane Reactors  In the above figure the classic tubular reactor is shown.  This reactor possesses closed walls. Thus, the reactants introduced together at the reactor inlet (co - feed mode). are typically  Often tubular reactors are filled with solid catalyst particles in order to increase the rates and selectivities.  This classic fixed - bed or packed – bed reactor ( PBR ) is intensively studied and used widely.
  • 10. 29 May 2016 Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan 7
  • 11. Different concepts of membrane reactors Concept I: Retainment of homogeneous catalysts  The membrane reactor concept shown in Figure exploits the membrane to retain in the reactor soluble (homogeneous) catalysts.  Thus, it allows for continuous operation without the need to separate and recycle the typically valuable catalysts.  Successful application for various synthesis reactions are described, for example, by (Kragl and Dreisbach,2002). 29 May 2016 Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan 8
  • 12. Classification of Reactions & Reactors Reaction:- Chemical Reactions are classified as:         Syntheses Reaction Decomposition Reaction Single-Displacement Reaction Double-Displacement Reaction Combustion Reaction Precipitation Reaction Oxidation/Reduction Reaction Acid-Based Reaction
  • 13. 29 May 2016 Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan 9
  • 14. Classification of Reactions 10Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016 [1]
  • 15. Classification of Reactions 11Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 16. Classification of Reactions 12Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 17. Classification of Reactions 13Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 18. Classification of Reactions 14Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 19. Classification of Reactions 15Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 20. Classification of Reactions 16Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 21. Classification of Reactions 17Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 22. Classification of Reactions 18Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 23. Classification of Reactions 19Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 24. Classification of Reactions 20Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 25. Classification of Reactions 21Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 26. Classification of Reactions 22Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 27. Classification of Reactions 23Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 28. Classification of Reactions 24Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 29. Classification of Reactions 25Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 30. 26Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016 Classification of Reactions
  • 31. Classification of Reactions 27Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 32. Classification of Reactions 28Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016 [2]
  • 33. Classification of Reactions 29Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 34. [3] 30Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 35. 31Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 36. 32Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 37. 33Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 38. 34Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 39. 35Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 40. 36Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 41. 37Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 42. 38Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 43. 39Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 44. 40Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 45. 41Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 46. 42Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 47. 43Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 48. 44Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 49. 45Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016
  • 50. 46Dr. Saeed GUL, Department of Chemical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan29 May 2016