Classification , Phylogeny Pattern of Organization
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The document discusses the classification and phylogeny of approximately 1.4 million species, detailing the contributions of various scientists to taxonomic categorization, including Aristotle and Robert Whittaker's five-kingdom system. It highlights the importance of molecular approaches in studying taxonomic relationships and outlines three schools of thought in animal systematics: evolutionary systematics, numerical taxonomy, and phylogenetic systematics. Additionally, it defines key terms such as binomial nomenclature and the distinction between homology and analogy in evolutionary studies.
Classification , Phylogeny Pattern of Organization
- 2. • ~1.4 MILLION SPECIES IDENTIFIED • R KIRSTENSEN & P FUNCH DESCRIBED NEW SPECIES SYMBION PANDORA • JUG-SHAPED • AQUATIC ANIMAL • LIVE ON MOUTH PART OF LOBSTER • NEW PHYLUM CYCLIPHORA • TOTAL PHYLUM 36
- 3. • ARISTOTLE FATHER OF BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION • HE EMPHASIZED THAT ANIMALS CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR WAY OF LIVING, ACTIONS, HABITS AND BODY PARTS • JHON RAY: ANIMALS WITH BLOOD AND WITHOUT BLOOD
- 4. VON LINNE (1707-1778) SYSTEMA NATURAE FIRST DESCRIBED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AS • FIVE TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES. • MODERN TAXONOMIST ADD THREE MORE CATEGORIES. • TOTAL EIGHT TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
- 5. THESE EIGHT TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES ARE AS FOLLOWS: • DOMAIN • KINGDOM • PHYLUM • CLASS • ORDER • FAMILY • GENUS • SPECIES
- 7. NOMENCLATURE: ASSIGNMENT OF A DISTINCTIVE NAME TO EACH SPECIES BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE: INDICATES THE LEVEL OF CLASSIFICATION INVOLVED IN DESCRIPTION OF ANIMAL • NO TWO ANIMALS HAVE SAME BINOMIAL NAME • ONE CORRECT NAME OF EACH ANIMAL IS REQUIRED BY INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
- 8. HOW TO WRITE BINOMIAL NAME • GENUS OF ANIMAL BEGINS WITH CAPITAL LETTER • SPECIES NAME BEGINS WITH SMALL LETTER • ENTIRE NAME IS ITALICIZED FOR EXAMPLE: HUMAN • GENUS IS Homo • SPECIES IS sapiens • ENTIRE SCIENTIFIC NAME IS Homo sapiens
- 9. • ARISTOTLE: DESCRIBE 2 KINGDOM. • ERNST: DESCRIBE 3 KINGDOM. • COPELAND: DESCRIBE 4 KINGDOM
- 10. ROBERT WHITTAKER (1969) DESCRIBED A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CELLULAR ORGANIZATION MODE OF NUTRITION
- 11. HE CLASSIFIED ORGANISMS INTO FIVE KINGDOM: 1. MONERA: (BACTERIA) 2. PROTISTA: EUKARYOTES, SINGLE CELL (UNICELLULAR) 3. PLANTAE: EUKARYOTES, MULTI-CELLULAR, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CELL WALL, NON-MOTILE 4. FUNGI: EUKARYOTES, MULTI-CELLULAR, CELL WALL, MODE OF NUTRITION DIFFERENT FROM PLANT 5. ANIMALIA: EUKARYOTES, MULTICELLULAR, LACK CELL WALL, FEED OTHER ORGANISM/PART OF ORGANISM
- 14. MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO ANIMAL SYSTEMATIC IMPORTANT MOLECULAR FEATURES TO STUDY TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS ARE • NUCLEAR DNA • MITOCONDRIAL DNA • RIBOSOMAL RNA (RRNA)
- 15. WHY TO CONSIDER MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AND RRNA
- 16. RRNA IS EXCELLENT FOR EVALUATION OF EARLY LIFE ON EARTH BECAUSE: AN ANCIENT MOLECULE PRESENT IN ALL ORGANISMS RETAINS ITS FUNCTION IN ALL ORGANISMS CHANGE VERY SLOWLY EVOLUTIONARY CONSERVATION PROTEIN PRODUCING MACHINERY CHANGE VERY SLOWLY
- 17. BASED ON RRNA STUDIES THREE MAJOR EVOLUTIONARY LINEAGE (DOMAIN) DESCRIBED: 1. EUBACTERIA 2. ARCHAEA 3. EUKARYA
- 19. EUBACTERIA • TRUE BACTERIA • PROKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS
- 20. ARCHAEA MOST PRIMITIVE LIFE-FORMS KNOWN TO EXIST PROKARYOTIC MICROBES LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENT • HIGH TEMPERATURE • HIGH SALT OR ACIDIC ENVIRONMENTS ALL MEMBERS INHABIT ANAEROBIC ENVIRONMENT
- 21. EUKARYA • INCLUDES EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS • UNDERWENT RAPID EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSIFICATION INTO MODERN CLASSIFICATION • FUNGI, PLANTS, ANIMALS
- 22. THERE ARE THREE SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS FOR ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS 1. EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMATICS 2. NUMERICAL TAXONOMY 3. PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS
- 23. EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMATICS • TRADITIONALAPPROACH • ORGANISMS DERIVED FROM AN ANCESTOR WILL RESEMBLE THAT ANCESTOR MORE CLOSELY THAN THEY RESEMBLE DISTANTLY RELATED ORGANISMS TWO KIND OF SIMILARITIES EXIST BETWEEN ORGANISMS 1. HOMOLOGY 2. ANALOGY
- 24. HOMOLOGY: THIS IS THE RESEMBLANCE THAT RESULT FROM COMMON ANCESTRY E.G BONE ARRANGEMENT IN BIRDS WING AND HUMAN ARM
- 26. ANALOGY: THIS IS THE RESEMBLANCE THAT RESULT FROM ORGANISMS ADAPTING UNDER SIMILAR EVOLUTIONARY PRESSURE E.G SIMILARITY BETWEEN WINGS OF BIRDS AND INSECTS
- 28. NUMERICAL TAXONOMY • GROUPED THE ORGANISMS ACCORDING TO OVERALL SIMILARITIES REGARDLESS WHETHER THE SIMILARITY REFLECTS COMMON ANCESTRY OR NOT • MEASURES AS MANY CHARACTER AS POSSIBLE • COMPUTER AIDED TECHNIQUES ARE USED TO DETERMINE WHICH GROUPS ARE MOST ALIKE AND WHICH ARE MOST DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER
- 29. PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS/CLADISTICS PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS: STUDY OF EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS IN WHICH TRUE AND FALSE SIMILARITIES ARE DIFFERENTIATED CLADISTS DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN HOMOLOGY AND ANALOGY