Cloning(human cloning) sreenivas.m final ppt
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Cloning in biology involves producing genetically identical individuals, including human cloning, which has sparked ethical debates following breakthroughs such as Dolly the Sheep in 1996. Two main types of cloning are identified: reproductive cloning, which duplicates existing animals, and therapeutic cloning, aimed at medical research using stem cells. Risks associated with cloning include inefficiencies, health complications in cloned animals, and complex psychological implications regarding identity and relationships.
Cloning(human cloning) sreenivas.m final ppt
- 2. CLONING In biology, cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human. Human cloning which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue.
- 3. History of cloning 1953 Structure of DNA discovered 1993 Human embryos were first cloned (artificial embryo) July 5, 1996 Dolly was born, Organization: Roslin Institute at UK
- 4. Dolly – the first mammal cloned using mature cell Dolly the Lamb in 1996 Method: Nuclear transfer Organization: Roslin Institute at UK and PPL Therapeutics Photo from Ming Pao 18th August 2002
- 5. Example of cloning Cumulina the Mouse in 1998 Organization: University of Hawaii Photo from Ming Pao 28th December 2002
- 6. Example of cloning Cattle in 1998 Organization: Kinki University at Japan Photo from Ming Pao 28th December 2002
- 7. Example of cloning Generation of Prometea, 2003 Organization: A research laboratory in Italy Photo from Nature No.6949
- 8. Definition and types Cloning is the production of 1 or more individual plants or animals (whole or in part) that are genetically identical to an original plant or animal. I’ll discuss two types: (1) Reproductive cloning (adult DNA cloning) would be using cells to create cloned humans. (2) Therapeutic cloning (biomedical cloning) is the use of (stem) cells for medicinal or research purposes.
- 9. Reproductive cloning Produces a duplicate of an existing animal Dolly DNA from an ovum removed and replaced with the DNA from a cell removed from an adult animal The fertilized ovum (called a pre-embryo) implanted in a womb and allowed to develop into a new animal Very controversial: banned in many countries
- 12. Fuse Cell and enucleated egg with electricity.
- 13. Egg is fused with Cell
- 14. Therapeutic cloning Initial stages identical to reproductive cloning However, stem cells are removed from the pre-embryo to produce tissue for a whole organ for transplant back into the person who supplied the DNA
- 15. Therapeutic Cloning 1. Nucleus of an egg cell is replaced with the nucleus of a body cell. 2. Egg cell is stimulated with electricity. 3. Embryo grows. 4. Embryo stem cells are collected and used to treat the donor.
- 18. What are the risks of cloning? • Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient • Cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders • Genomes of cloned mice are compromised, 4% of genes function abnormally • A process called "imprinting" chemically marks the DNA from the mother and father so that only one copy of a gene (either the maternal or paternal gene) is turned on. Defects in the genetic imprint of DNA from a single donor cell may lead to some of the developmental abnormalities of cloned embryos.
- 19. Psychological Effects - Identity and Relationship Would the clone feel that he or she was just a copy of someone else who's already existed and not really themselves? What will be my relationship to the one I was cloned from? No one can predict with any degree of assurance what the response would be.
- 20. Is adult human DNA cloning moral? Some talents seem to be genetically influenced, ability seems to run in families. Cloning using the DNA from the cell of an adult with the desired traits or talents might produce an infant with similar potential. Yes ?
- 21. Two lesbians could elect to have a child by adult DNA cloning rather than by artificial insemination by a man's sperm. Each would then contribute part of her body to the fertilized ovum: one woman would donate the ovum, which contains some genetic material in its mitochondria; the other woman the nuclear genetic material. Both would have parts of their bodies involved in the conception. They might find this more satisfactory than in-vitro fertilization using a man's sperm Yes ?
- 22. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME