Cloud Computing
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This document provides an overview of virtualization and cloud computing technologies. It begins with a brief history of computing from mainframes to personal computers and networks. It then discusses how server virtualization and consolidation led to more efficient use of resources and the emergence of data centers. Next, it describes how cloud computing builds upon virtualization by providing on-demand access to computing resources over the internet. It outlines the key characteristics, deployment models, and types of cloud services. Finally, it discusses some advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing.
Cloud Computing
- 1. (Now even my Mummy will understand it!) Presentation for 2020 MSL – 27 May 2011 - Brian Pereira, Editor, InformationWeek
- 2. Agenda 1. What is Virtualization? - The need, benefits - Infrastructure 2. What is cloud? - Key characteristics - Architecture - Deployment models - Cloud engineering 3. Virtualization and Cloud - Impact on the data center 4. Vendors and solution providers - Enterprise providing different services and solutions for building, managing and maintaining of Virtualisation and Cloud (like Symantec, CA, IBM, Microsoft, etc)
- 3. Down memory lane… 1960s onwards - The mainframes (big iron machines) – IBM 704 IBM 700 and 7,000 series (Computer system architectures) Word war II Modern mainframes > Used for bulk data processing jobs like national census, ERP and compilation of industry statistics >ENIAC, Colossus > For cracking the enemies military communication codes > Internal architecture has changed > For heavy processing tasks: nuclear simulation, weather forecasting, computer-based modeling
- 5. Down memory lane…2 • 1970s – mid-80s : Era of Mini Computers • Integrated Circuit • Smaller in size • Large and mid-sized enterprises (Financial inst. Travel) • DEC, Data General, Wang, Apollo, Prime • OS: VMS, CP/M
- 6. Down memory lane…3 • Mid-80s onwards • Microprocessor (lower cost) • Much smaller • Affordable • Personal computer launched by IBM in 1982 • Versatile (software) • Popular OS (MS DOS) • Commoditized processor (x86)
- 7. Down memory lane…4 • 1990s – Era of networking (LAN) • 1960s – computers used by military, govt. and scientific establishments were networked (ARPANET, later INTERNET) • LAN networks (Novell, Banyan etc) • Client server architecture (popular) • Peer to peer networks • Gave rise to sub-nets and departmental LANs • WANs for connecting computers over longer distances (using leased lines, VSATs) • Distributed computing
- 8. LANs – pros and cons With LANs you could share and centralize resources E.g. File Server, Print Server, Database server, communications server (E-fax, email) CONS WAN links (communication lines) were expensive Subnets lead to server sprawl (each department had its own LAN) Interoperability between dept. LANS became a challenge (disparate operating systems, protocols, apps, OS and systems) Higher TCO and running maintenance costs More technical manpower
- 9. Trends • Multi-core processors (Intel Core 2 Duo) • Hyper-threading (instructions processed in parallel) • Larger RAM capacities in servers • RAM more affordable • Cost of disk storage decreases • Server operating systems improve • RAID technology and disk arrays • Blade servers • More componentization (discrete power unit, processor, storage)
- 10. Consolidate and Virtualize • One server loaded with computing resources • Logical partitions • Virtual machines (VMs) • Hypervisor software (Virtual Machine Manager) (Microsoft Hyper-V, VMware, Citrix Xen /XenSource) • Desktop Virtualization (VDI) (Citrix, Microsoft, Ncomputing) • Storage Virtualization, Server Virtualization
- 11. Virtualization • The first hypervisor was introduced in 1967 on IBM’s CP-40 mainframe • Later it was common on Unix operating systems in the 70s and 80s. Later in Linux distributions. • Virtualization is not new!
- 13. Yesterday’s thin client (Dumb terminal)
- 14. Emergence of data centers • Virtualized servers and storage subsystems require a special environment • Heat dissipation, cooling • Structured cabling • Power management • HVAC, Air-conditioning • Rack systems (to reduce footprint)
- 16. Yesterday’s mainframe (old data center)
- 17. INTERNET
- 18. In the Cloud • Internet service providers (ISPs) – server farms – hosting services, Net services, server co-location - e,g, Exodus, VSNL, AOL • Application service providers (ASPs) • Infrastructure service providers (data centers)
- 19. Types of services • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – formerly hosting • Software as a Service (SaaS) – formerly ASP • Platform as a Service (PaaS) – development
- 20. Emergence of Cloud computing • IaaS, SaaS and PaaS are different types of cloud services IaaS (Data centers) SaaS PaaS SIFY, Ctrl S, ESDS, NetMagic Microsoft BPOS Windows Azure Telcos: Airtel, Reliance etc Ramco ERP Amazon Elastic Cloud Compute ISPs: VSNL/BSNL etc SAP – Business by Design Google App Engine Red Hat Open Shift
- 21. Cloud management services and solutions • Cloud deployment and management • SLA and Catalog management • Cloud monitoring • Cloud Security • Project and Portfolio management • Vendors: CA, Symantec, Dell etc
- 22. Cloud – NIST definition Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction --National Institute of Standards and Technology
- 23. Types of Clouds • Public cloud • Private Cloud • Hybrid Cloud • Federated Cloud
- 24. Cloud - Advantages • Rent resources and pay as you go (OPEX) • Control costs • Save on software licenses • Low capital expenditure on hardware (CAPEX) • Communities can share resources (federated clouds)
- 25. Cloud Disadvantages • Security – multi-tenant environment • Loss of control and autonomy • Dependence on one party (recent failure of Amazon) • Rules specific to certain countries mandate that data stays within the country (banking regulator) or even within the company (UAE)
- 26. Thank you! (I told you so!) {Go forth and spread the word} */ends/*
Editor's Notes
- #4: To understand virtualization, cloud and data center system architectures, we need to take a trip down memory lane and understand how electronic data processing was done in the old days. We could go as far back as World War II when the British and Americans used huge computers like the ENIAC and Colossus were used for cracking the enemies military communication codes. But the 1960s is regarded as the mainframe era. Mainframes were huge computers with a CPU and primary storage (today called RAM). Tape storage (reels) were used for secondary storage (today it is the hard disk). Transistor as main electronic component. Mainframes were used for massive data processing jobs (jobs like national census, ERP and compilation of industry statistics). These were done in batches. Hence the term ‘batch processing’. Huge room, entire basement, heavy air conditioning, team of operators Expensive, used in govt. institutions, military Time sharing, batch processing, book computer time Mainframes are used to this day; internal architecture has changed Used for heavy processing tasks like nuclear simulation, weather forecasting, computer-based modeling
- #6: Invention of the integrated circuit or IC, so these computers were smaller in size (size of large refrigerator) > Multi-user > Used by large and mid-sized enterprises like Financial institutions, Travel industry e.g. Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8; Wang, Data General, HP, Apollo Computer, Prime Computer Operating systems: VMS, CP/M
- #7: >The invention of an electronic component called the Microprocessor, shrunk the computer and made it more affordable and personal General purpose (versatile) and its functionality was determined by software applications Operating system was popular (MS DOS) X86 processor architecture Processor was commoditized (manufactured by Intel and later by AMD, IDT, Cirrus and others)
- #11: > Once you partition the server/host each partition has a certain amount of pre-defined processing and storage resources You can run a different OS (guests) in each partition Apple systems using desktop virtualization software called Parallels - can run Mac OS in one partition and Windows in another Hard disk partitions (logical drives C: D: E: etc) Desktop Virtualization or Virtual Desktop Interface/Infrastructure encompasses hardware and software; the users desktop, OS, applications and data are stored centrally on a central server – Images of the desktop are sent to a client device (thin client, handheld) – user can manipulate this data and use apps and save back to server. Then the cache on the thin client is cleared – Benefit: security, prevents loss of data; lower TCO; lowers management costs; faster and simpler provisioning of desktops) Cons: Network dependent – downtime if network fails; needs good bandwidth; difficulty in running multimedia and high bandwidth apps; loss of autonomy and privacy
- #19: Internet service providers set up server farms for offering Internet services, hosting services and co-location
- #21: PaaS – A Computer Platform for developing and delivering applications – comprising of the full Solution Stack. e.g. To develop a web application, the designer needs to use an operating system, web server, database and programming language, HTML tools etc. This is collectively called a development environment.