Cloud computing on smartphone
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This document summarizes a research paper on developing a mobile application called MeghaOS that allows users to access and run desktop applications hosted on cloud infrastructure directly from their smartphones. The application was created to bridge the gap between limited smartphone capabilities and more powerful desktop applications. It implements an interface to Amazon Web Services that allows users to launch virtual machine instances, install and run web applications, and access them through their smartphone. The paper outlines the components of the MeghaOS application, proposed methodology, implementation details and screenshots. It also compares MeghaOS to other mobile cloud applications and file sync services.
![Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.4, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
Cloud Computing on Smartphone
Ms.Rashmi A.Bajad
Technocrats Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Batch 2010, Bhopal, INDIA
bajad40@gmail.com
Prof.Amit Sinhal
Department of IT, TIT, Bhopal,Bhopal, INDIA
amit_sinhal@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Cloud computing is the most recent technology for data storage & access. Cloud computing includes specific
space on the server, the data can be accessed from or stored on the cloud. Cloud computing results into the high
speed data accessed capability. Now a days, Every organization have their own cloud where the data is stored
related to their work and whenever required it is accessed. Cloud computing is the platform as a service, key
players in this sector is Google, Amazon and Microsoft. Smartphone’s and tablets have another growing market
so these two technologies combined to form the new concept that is the Smartphone application will access the
cloud. The platform evaluated which are suitable for the Smartphone devices is Amazon Web Services. These
services allow features like Compute, Database & Storage.
Keywords—cloud computing, Smartphones,Android,Amazon.
I.
Introduction
The project is an application of cloud computing for mobile phones. Smartphone capabilities are ever increasing
and cloud computing has already succeeded in web based application. The next step is definitely towards the
adoption of cloud computing principles on Smartphone/tablet area. The aim of the project is to create an
interface for existing cloud computing infrastructures (like Amazon Web Services or Windows Azure) for easy
usage in smart phones. This will open a platform for deploying and running applications for the mobile phones
directly on the cloud which can be accessed from a smartphone with high speed connectivity. The project tries to
implement a novel way of interacting with the cloud using the APIs provided by Amazon Web Services. First
step in the project is to start and run virtual instances of operating systems like Linux/windows server and
communicating to it through a secured shell. This will be a proof of concept of that we can load and run an
operating system in the cloud without using a desktop pc and install applications just like we can run application
in a desktop OS.
II.
Literature Review
In this paper, we have covered several representative mobile cloud approaches. Much other related work exist,
but the purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the wide spectrum of mobile cloud computing possibilities.
None of the existing approaches meets completely the requirements of mobile clouds. Native (offline) and Web
(online) applications are the two extremes of mobile applications.Therefore, we believe that the full potential of
mobile cloud applications lies in between these two extremes, while dynamically shifting the responsibilities
between mobile device and cloud.The offloading can happen to some remote data center, nearby computer or
cluster of computers, or even to nearby mobile devices Mobile cloud computing will be a source of challenging
research problems in information and communication technology for many years to come. Solving this problem
will require interdisciplinary research from systems, networks, and HCI.
Several researchers, [10]–[12], have identified the fundamental challenges in mobile computing. Mobile
computing environments are characterized by severe resources constraints and frequent changes in operating
conditions. Mobile devices inherently have and will continue to have limited resources as processing power,
memory capacity, display size, and input forms. These have been the forming factors of existing mobile
application approaches.
A. Offline Applications:
Most of the applications available for modern mobile devices fall into this category. They act as fat client that
processes the presentation and business logic layer locally on mobile devices with data downloaded from
backend systems. There is periodical synchronization between the client and backend system. A fat client is a
networked application with most resources available locally, rather than distributed over a network as is the case
with a thin client.
B. Online Applications :
An online application assumes that the connection between mobile devices and backend systems is available
most of the time. Smart phones are popular due to the power and utility of their applications, but there are
problems such as cross-platform issues. Here Web technologies can overcome them; applications based on Web
73](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cloudcomputingonsmartphone-131029065007-phpapp02/85/Cloud-computing-on-smartphone-1-320.jpg)
![Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
2863
Vol.4, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
technology are a powerful alternative to native applications. Mobile have the potential to overcome some of the
disadvantages of offline applications because they are:
ions
-multi-platform to device’s features such as camera or motion detection.
platform
-difficulties in handling complex scenarios that require keeping communication session a over longer period
difficulties
of time.
C. Issues with Offline and Online Mobile Applications :
Current applications are statically partitioned, i.e. most of the execution happens on the device or on backend
systems. However, mobile clients could face wide variations and rapid changes in network conditions and local
resource availability when accessing remote data and services. As a result, one partitioning model does not
lity
satisfy all application types and devices. In other words, the computation of clients and cloud has to be adaptive
in response to the changes in mobile environments [13].
III.
Problem Formulation
There are cloud applications which use most of the storage aspects of cloud computing infrastructures. E.g.
DropBox, Google Drive and iCloud. These applications use the cloud as a storage device. On the other hand
there are some applications which allow using the cloud for running specific application, which are designed by
the vendors for doing specific things like word processing (Google docs) or image manipulation (Pixlr.com). But
this as well doesn’t allow users to run a
applications of their own choice.
Implementation
The project is implemented in Android platform as it is java based platform as well easy to develop
apps. The cloud infrastructure is adopted from Amazon Web Services. Amazon Web Services allow running pre
prebuilt/as well as customizable virtual machines of operating systems called Instances on their cloud infrastructure.
Amazon provides APIs for programmers to use every step of the process through programs written in Java.
The project has three parts:
1. The mobile App: MeghaOS
The project used some of the API as a proof of concept to run prebuilt Linux Instance on the cloud and
get status of the running Instance directly on the mobile phone. The application also tries to implement a secure
shell to interact with the running Linux instance through a SSH (Secure Shell) for installing, configuring and
(Secure
running a web server in the cloud as well as a web application which can install other web applications from the
phone by uploading them through the installed web application.
2. The web application : CloudApp ins
installer:
This is a simple web application that can be loaded from the MeghaOS and which will allow simple
HTML based apps to the web server running in the launched AWS Instance.
3. The Sample cloud app:
A sample HTML5 based game to be installed on the cloud using the MeghaOS and CloudApp installer.
cloud
IV.
Proposed Methodology
The proposed system does a new way of using smartphones. One limitation of smartphone is that most of the
application running on desktops can not be run on mobile devices. Different apps need to be installed for
different needs and these apps are limited in functionality compared to its desktop equivalent. This is due to the
limitation of hardware capabilities of mobile devices at the moment. The proposed application will help bridge
gaps between desktop applications and mobile devices by running desktop applications in the cloud and
delivering the user interface directly to the mobile device.
Fig. Mobile cloud Approach with parallel storage
74](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cloudcomputingonsmartphone-131029065007-phpapp02/85/Cloud-computing-on-smartphone-2-320.jpg)
![Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.4, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
References
[1] A. Wright, “Get Smart,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 15–16, 2009.
[2] D. Kovachev, D. Renzel, R. Klamma, and Y. Cao, “Mobile Community Cloud Computing: Emerges and
Evolves,” in Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC). Kansas City,
MO, USA: IEEE, 2010.
[3] M. Satyanarayanan, P. Bahl, R. C´aceres, and N. Davies, “The Case for VM-Based Cloudlets in Mobile
Computing,” IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 14–23, Oct. 2009.
[4] L. M. Vaquero, L. Rodero-Merino, J. Caceres, and M. Lindner, “A Bbreak in the Clouds: Towards a Cloud
Definition,” SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 50–55, 2009.
[5] P. Mell and T. Grance, “The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing,” 2009. [Online]. Available:
http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloud-computing/ cloud-def-v15.doc
[6] OnLive Inc., “OnLIve.” [Online]. Available: http://www.onlive.com
[7] J. Dean and S. Ghemawat, “MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters,” in Proceedings of
the 6th Conference and Symposium on Operating Systems Design & Implementation (OSDI’04). San Francisco,
CA, USA: USENIX Association, 2004, p. 10.
[8] Amazon.com, Inc., “Amazon Web Services.” [Online]. Available: http://aws.amazon.com
[9] F. Chang, J. Dean, S. Ghemawat, W. C. Hsieh, D. A. Wallach, M. Burrows, T. Chandra, A. Fikes, and R. E.
Gruber, “Bigtable : A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data,” ACM Transactions on Computer
Systems,vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 1–26, 2008.
[10] M. Satyanarayanan, “Fundamental Challenges in Mobile Computing,” in Proceedings of the Fifteenth
Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing. Philadelphia, PA, USA: ACM, 1996, pp. 1–7.
[11] A. K. Gupta, “Challenges in Mobile Computing,” in Proceedings of 2nd National Conference on Challenges
and Opportunities in Information Technology (COIT-2008). Mandi Gobindgarh, India: RIMT-IET, 2008, pp.
86–90.
[12] J. Jing, A. S. Helal, and A. Elmagarmid, “Client-server Computing in Mobile Environments,” ACM
Computing Surveys (CSUR), vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 117–157, 1999.
[13] X. Gu, K. Nahrstedt, A. Messer, I. Greenberg, and D. Milojicic, “Adaptive Offloading Inference for
Delivering Applications in Pervasive Computing Environments,” in Proceedings of the First IEEE International
Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom 2003). Dallas- Fort Worth, TX, USA: IEEE,
2003, pp. 107–114.
[14] B.-G. Chun and P. Maniatis, “Augmented Smartphone Applications Through Clone Cloud Execution,” in
Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS XII). Monte Verita, Switzerland:
USENIX, 2009.
[15] S. Garriss, R. C´aceres, S. Berger, R. Sailer, L. van Doorn, and X. Zhang, “Trustworthy and Personalized
Computing on Public Kiosks,” in Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on Mobile Systems,
Applications, and Services (MobiSys ’08). Breckenridge, CO, USA:ACM, 2008, pp. 199 – 210.
[16] I. Giurgiu, O. Riva, D. Juric, I. Krivulev, and G. Alonso, “Calling the Cloud: Enabling Mobile Phones as
Interfaces to Cloud Applications,” in Proceedings of the 10th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Conference on
Middleware (Middleware ’09). Urbana Champaign, IL, USA: Springer,Nov. 2009, pp. 1–20.
[17] J. Rellermeyer, O. Riva, and G. Alonso, “AlfredO: An Architecture for Flexible Interaction with Electronic
Devices,” in Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Conference on Middleware (Middleware
2008), ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5346. Leuven, Belgium: Springer, 2008, pp. 22–41.
[18] J. S. Rellermeyer, M. Duller, and G. Alonso, “Engineering the Cloud from Software Modules,” in
Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering Challenges in Cloud Computing (ICSE-Cloud, in
conjunction with ICSE 2009). Vancouver, Canada: IEEE, 2009, pp. 32–37.
[19] J. S. Rellermeyer, G. Alonso, and T. Roscoe, “R-OSGi: Distributed Applications Through Software
Modularization,”in Proceedings of the ACM/IFIP/USENIX 8th International Middleware Conference
Conference(Middleware 2007). Newport Beach, CA, USA: Springer, Nov. 2007,pp. 50–54.
[20] X. Zhang, S. Jeong, A. Kunjithapatham, and Simon Gibbs, “Towards an Elastic Application Model for
Augmenting Computing Capabilities
of Mobile Platforms,” in The Third International ICST Conference on MOBILe Wireless MiddleWARE,
Operating Systems, and Applications,Chicago, IL, USA, 2010.
[21] E. Cuervo, A. Balasubramanian, D.-k. Cho, A. Wolman, S. Saroiu,R. Chandra, and P. Bahl, “MAUI:
Making Smartphones Last Longer with Code Offload,” in Proceedings of the 8th international conference on
Mobile systems, applications, and services (ACM MobiSys ’10). San Francisco, CA, USA: ACM, 2010, pp. 49–
62.
78](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cloudcomputingonsmartphone-131029065007-phpapp02/85/Cloud-computing-on-smartphone-6-320.jpg)
Cloud computing on smartphone
- 1. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol.4, No.10, 2013 www.iiste.org Cloud Computing on Smartphone Ms.Rashmi A.Bajad Technocrats Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Batch 2010, Bhopal, INDIA bajad40@gmail.com Prof.Amit Sinhal Department of IT, TIT, Bhopal,Bhopal, INDIA amit_sinhal@rediffmail.com Abstract Cloud computing is the most recent technology for data storage & access. Cloud computing includes specific space on the server, the data can be accessed from or stored on the cloud. Cloud computing results into the high speed data accessed capability. Now a days, Every organization have their own cloud where the data is stored related to their work and whenever required it is accessed. Cloud computing is the platform as a service, key players in this sector is Google, Amazon and Microsoft. Smartphone’s and tablets have another growing market so these two technologies combined to form the new concept that is the Smartphone application will access the cloud. The platform evaluated which are suitable for the Smartphone devices is Amazon Web Services. These services allow features like Compute, Database & Storage. Keywords—cloud computing, Smartphones,Android,Amazon. I. Introduction The project is an application of cloud computing for mobile phones. Smartphone capabilities are ever increasing and cloud computing has already succeeded in web based application. The next step is definitely towards the adoption of cloud computing principles on Smartphone/tablet area. The aim of the project is to create an interface for existing cloud computing infrastructures (like Amazon Web Services or Windows Azure) for easy usage in smart phones. This will open a platform for deploying and running applications for the mobile phones directly on the cloud which can be accessed from a smartphone with high speed connectivity. The project tries to implement a novel way of interacting with the cloud using the APIs provided by Amazon Web Services. First step in the project is to start and run virtual instances of operating systems like Linux/windows server and communicating to it through a secured shell. This will be a proof of concept of that we can load and run an operating system in the cloud without using a desktop pc and install applications just like we can run application in a desktop OS. II. Literature Review In this paper, we have covered several representative mobile cloud approaches. Much other related work exist, but the purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the wide spectrum of mobile cloud computing possibilities. None of the existing approaches meets completely the requirements of mobile clouds. Native (offline) and Web (online) applications are the two extremes of mobile applications.Therefore, we believe that the full potential of mobile cloud applications lies in between these two extremes, while dynamically shifting the responsibilities between mobile device and cloud.The offloading can happen to some remote data center, nearby computer or cluster of computers, or even to nearby mobile devices Mobile cloud computing will be a source of challenging research problems in information and communication technology for many years to come. Solving this problem will require interdisciplinary research from systems, networks, and HCI. Several researchers, [10]–[12], have identified the fundamental challenges in mobile computing. Mobile computing environments are characterized by severe resources constraints and frequent changes in operating conditions. Mobile devices inherently have and will continue to have limited resources as processing power, memory capacity, display size, and input forms. These have been the forming factors of existing mobile application approaches. A. Offline Applications: Most of the applications available for modern mobile devices fall into this category. They act as fat client that processes the presentation and business logic layer locally on mobile devices with data downloaded from backend systems. There is periodical synchronization between the client and backend system. A fat client is a networked application with most resources available locally, rather than distributed over a network as is the case with a thin client. B. Online Applications : An online application assumes that the connection between mobile devices and backend systems is available most of the time. Smart phones are popular due to the power and utility of their applications, but there are problems such as cross-platform issues. Here Web technologies can overcome them; applications based on Web 73
- 2. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) 2863 Vol.4, No.10, 2013 www.iiste.org technology are a powerful alternative to native applications. Mobile have the potential to overcome some of the disadvantages of offline applications because they are: ions -multi-platform to device’s features such as camera or motion detection. platform -difficulties in handling complex scenarios that require keeping communication session a over longer period difficulties of time. C. Issues with Offline and Online Mobile Applications : Current applications are statically partitioned, i.e. most of the execution happens on the device or on backend systems. However, mobile clients could face wide variations and rapid changes in network conditions and local resource availability when accessing remote data and services. As a result, one partitioning model does not lity satisfy all application types and devices. In other words, the computation of clients and cloud has to be adaptive in response to the changes in mobile environments [13]. III. Problem Formulation There are cloud applications which use most of the storage aspects of cloud computing infrastructures. E.g. DropBox, Google Drive and iCloud. These applications use the cloud as a storage device. On the other hand there are some applications which allow using the cloud for running specific application, which are designed by the vendors for doing specific things like word processing (Google docs) or image manipulation (Pixlr.com). But this as well doesn’t allow users to run a applications of their own choice. Implementation The project is implemented in Android platform as it is java based platform as well easy to develop apps. The cloud infrastructure is adopted from Amazon Web Services. Amazon Web Services allow running pre prebuilt/as well as customizable virtual machines of operating systems called Instances on their cloud infrastructure. Amazon provides APIs for programmers to use every step of the process through programs written in Java. The project has three parts: 1. The mobile App: MeghaOS The project used some of the API as a proof of concept to run prebuilt Linux Instance on the cloud and get status of the running Instance directly on the mobile phone. The application also tries to implement a secure shell to interact with the running Linux instance through a SSH (Secure Shell) for installing, configuring and (Secure running a web server in the cloud as well as a web application which can install other web applications from the phone by uploading them through the installed web application. 2. The web application : CloudApp ins installer: This is a simple web application that can be loaded from the MeghaOS and which will allow simple HTML based apps to the web server running in the launched AWS Instance. 3. The Sample cloud app: A sample HTML5 based game to be installed on the cloud using the MeghaOS and CloudApp installer. cloud IV. Proposed Methodology The proposed system does a new way of using smartphones. One limitation of smartphone is that most of the application running on desktops can not be run on mobile devices. Different apps need to be installed for different needs and these apps are limited in functionality compared to its desktop equivalent. This is due to the limitation of hardware capabilities of mobile devices at the moment. The proposed application will help bridge gaps between desktop applications and mobile devices by running desktop applications in the cloud and delivering the user interface directly to the mobile device. Fig. Mobile cloud Approach with parallel storage 74
- 3. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol.4, No.10, 2013 www.iiste.org Fig. Screenshot 1 Fig. Screenshot 2 75
- 4. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol.4, No.10, 2013 www.iiste.org Fig.Screenshot 3 Fig. Screenshot 4 76
- 5. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol.4, No.10, 2013 V. www.iiste.org Future of Mobile Computing Devices will integrate each others technology Examples: -PDA Cell Phone -Cell Phones working with WLAN’s -Cell Phones with MP3 players 2. Wired devices thing of the past -Land lines 3. Android app development 1. VI. Conclusion In this paper, we have covered several representative mobile cloud approaches. Much other related work exist, but the purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the wide spectrum of mobile cloud computing possibilities. None of the existing approaches meets completely the requirements of mobile clouds. Native (offline) and Web (online) applications are the two extremes of mobile applications. The former type is using capabilities of mobile devices, but the integration with the cloud is poor. The latter type lacks from insufficient usage of mobile device sensors and available device computing resources while suffering from interactivity issues. Therefore, we believe that the full potential of mobile cloud applications lies in between these two extremes, while dynamically shifting the responsibilities between mobile device and cloud. Result & Discussion The implementation is partial due to time limitation and lack of prior experience in the platforms. • MeghaOS: A status checking of the running instance is implemented which proves that the APIs can be used in a mobile app. Some experiments are done using java desktop applications, which can be ported to the mobile on availability of more time. • The CloudApp installer: Fully implemented and tested for proof of concept. And can be used from a desktop. From mobile phone is not yet tested. • The Sample web Application: This is a test application using open source HTML5 based game application tested on both desktop and mobile phone. Comparison between existing systems Application name DropBox Google Drive/ iCloud Proposed A pplication: MeghaOS Application area Storing and synchronization of files between cloud connected devices Editing, Storing and synchronization of documents and files between cloud connected devices Storing and synchronization of files between cloud connected devices Running apps in the cloud Mobile integration Cloud storage Cloud computation User can install their own applications Desktop integration Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not implemented, but possible 77
- 6. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol.4, No.10, 2013 www.iiste.org References [1] A. Wright, “Get Smart,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 15–16, 2009. [2] D. Kovachev, D. Renzel, R. Klamma, and Y. Cao, “Mobile Community Cloud Computing: Emerges and Evolves,” in Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC). Kansas City, MO, USA: IEEE, 2010. [3] M. Satyanarayanan, P. Bahl, R. C´aceres, and N. Davies, “The Case for VM-Based Cloudlets in Mobile Computing,” IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 14–23, Oct. 2009. [4] L. M. Vaquero, L. Rodero-Merino, J. Caceres, and M. Lindner, “A Bbreak in the Clouds: Towards a Cloud Definition,” SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 50–55, 2009. [5] P. Mell and T. Grance, “The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing,” 2009. [Online]. Available: http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloud-computing/ cloud-def-v15.doc [6] OnLive Inc., “OnLIve.” [Online]. Available: http://www.onlive.com [7] J. Dean and S. Ghemawat, “MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters,” in Proceedings of the 6th Conference and Symposium on Operating Systems Design & Implementation (OSDI’04). San Francisco, CA, USA: USENIX Association, 2004, p. 10. [8] Amazon.com, Inc., “Amazon Web Services.” [Online]. Available: http://aws.amazon.com [9] F. Chang, J. Dean, S. Ghemawat, W. C. Hsieh, D. A. Wallach, M. Burrows, T. Chandra, A. Fikes, and R. E. Gruber, “Bigtable : A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data,” ACM Transactions on Computer Systems,vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 1–26, 2008. [10] M. Satyanarayanan, “Fundamental Challenges in Mobile Computing,” in Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing. Philadelphia, PA, USA: ACM, 1996, pp. 1–7. [11] A. K. Gupta, “Challenges in Mobile Computing,” in Proceedings of 2nd National Conference on Challenges and Opportunities in Information Technology (COIT-2008). Mandi Gobindgarh, India: RIMT-IET, 2008, pp. 86–90. [12] J. Jing, A. S. Helal, and A. Elmagarmid, “Client-server Computing in Mobile Environments,” ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 117–157, 1999. [13] X. Gu, K. Nahrstedt, A. Messer, I. Greenberg, and D. Milojicic, “Adaptive Offloading Inference for Delivering Applications in Pervasive Computing Environments,” in Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom 2003). Dallas- Fort Worth, TX, USA: IEEE, 2003, pp. 107–114. [14] B.-G. Chun and P. Maniatis, “Augmented Smartphone Applications Through Clone Cloud Execution,” in Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS XII). Monte Verita, Switzerland: USENIX, 2009. [15] S. Garriss, R. C´aceres, S. Berger, R. Sailer, L. van Doorn, and X. Zhang, “Trustworthy and Personalized Computing on Public Kiosks,” in Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys ’08). Breckenridge, CO, USA:ACM, 2008, pp. 199 – 210. [16] I. Giurgiu, O. Riva, D. Juric, I. Krivulev, and G. Alonso, “Calling the Cloud: Enabling Mobile Phones as Interfaces to Cloud Applications,” in Proceedings of the 10th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Conference on Middleware (Middleware ’09). Urbana Champaign, IL, USA: Springer,Nov. 2009, pp. 1–20. [17] J. Rellermeyer, O. Riva, and G. Alonso, “AlfredO: An Architecture for Flexible Interaction with Electronic Devices,” in Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Conference on Middleware (Middleware 2008), ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5346. Leuven, Belgium: Springer, 2008, pp. 22–41. [18] J. S. Rellermeyer, M. Duller, and G. Alonso, “Engineering the Cloud from Software Modules,” in Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering Challenges in Cloud Computing (ICSE-Cloud, in conjunction with ICSE 2009). Vancouver, Canada: IEEE, 2009, pp. 32–37. [19] J. S. Rellermeyer, G. Alonso, and T. Roscoe, “R-OSGi: Distributed Applications Through Software Modularization,”in Proceedings of the ACM/IFIP/USENIX 8th International Middleware Conference Conference(Middleware 2007). Newport Beach, CA, USA: Springer, Nov. 2007,pp. 50–54. [20] X. Zhang, S. Jeong, A. Kunjithapatham, and Simon Gibbs, “Towards an Elastic Application Model for Augmenting Computing Capabilities of Mobile Platforms,” in The Third International ICST Conference on MOBILe Wireless MiddleWARE, Operating Systems, and Applications,Chicago, IL, USA, 2010. [21] E. Cuervo, A. Balasubramanian, D.-k. Cho, A. Wolman, S. Saroiu,R. Chandra, and P. Bahl, “MAUI: Making Smartphones Last Longer with Code Offload,” in Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services (ACM MobiSys ’10). San Francisco, CA, USA: ACM, 2010, pp. 49– 62. 78
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