Attributes Of Concepts
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Attributes provide important information for requirements. They include characteristics like source, importance, and date created for each requirement. Common attributes are source, comparison, comments, status, risk, due by date, verification method, and test level. Analyzing concepts involves identifying defining attributes that determine if a stimulus is a positive example. Generalization and discrimination are behavioral processes where students apply concepts to new examples based on shared attributes. Rote learning involves responses without understanding concepts, while concept learning identifies a stimulus's conceptual category based on attributes.
Attributes Of Concepts
- 1. Mrs. Samia Dogar Associate Prof Federal College Of Education H-9 Islamabad
- 2. Attributes ====Qualities, Characteristics, Features, Traits These are features of a stimulus that one must look for to decide if that stimulus is a positive instance of the concept. Attributes are a very important source of requirements information.
- 3. Just as every person has attributes (age, hair color, gender), each requirement has a source, a relative importance, and time it was created. The attributes of religion, include Catholic, Jew, Protestant, Muslim, etc. Attributes do more than simply clarify a requirement. If created properly, they can yield significant information about the state of the system/Person/Phenomena/Event.
- 5. •Source Person, document or other origin •Comparison Statement of relative importance of the requirement, either to the system (mandatory, critical, optional) or to other requirements (high, medium, low.) •Comments Reviewer's or writer's comments on a requirement. Status Degree of completeness (completed, partial, not started). Risk - Confidence measure on the likelihood of meeting (or not meeting) a requirement. Could be high, medium, low or the integers one through ten.
- 6. Due By - Date the requirement must be provided. Method of verification - Qualification type to be used to verify that a requirement has been met: analysis, demonstration, inspection, test, and walkthrough. Level of Test - Describes the verification lifecycle stage at which the requirement is determined to be met: unit test, component, system or product.
- 7. Analyzing Concepts The simplest rules refer to the presence or absence of a single attribute. For example, a “vertebrate” animal is defined as an animal with a backbone. Which of these stimuli are positive instances? + + +_ It says that a stimulus must possess a single specified attribute to qualify as a positive instance of a concept.
- 8. Analyzing Concepts The opposite or “complement” of affirmation is is negation. To qualify as a positive instance, a stimulus must lack a single specified attribute. +_ An invertebrate animal is one that lacks a backbone. These are the positive and negative instances when the negation rule is applied. _ _
- 9. Behavioral Processes In behavioral terms, when a concept is learned, two processes control how we respond to a stimulus: Generalization: Student generalize a certain response (like the name of an object) to all members of the conceptual class based on their common attributes. Discrimination: Student discriminate between stimuli which belong to the conceptual class and those that don’t because they lack one or more of the defining attributes.
- 10. Behavioral Processes For example, Students we generalize the word “rectangle” to those stimuli that possess the defining attributes... ...and discriminate between these stimuli and others that are outside the conceptual class, in which case we respond with a different word: rectangle rectangle rectangle ?
- 11. Rote Learning vs. Concept Learning Rote learning is learning without understanding the meaning of what is learned. For example, you can learn to make the correct response to a stimulus without discovering the conceptual category to which the stimulus belongs. More technically, sharing correct response and idea attributes that the stimulus shares with other students ie members of the conceptual class.
- 12. Any Questions? For any question samia42001@yahoo.com