CMU HCII Speaker Series - Stress in Socio-technical Systems
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The document discusses the impact of stress on socio-technical systems, focusing on individuals' interactions and contributions within these systems under pressure. It features concepts like allostatic load, recovery, and misinformation, emphasizing the dynamics of communication in platforms like Wikipedia and Twitter. The author proposes utilizing social ties for better sensemaking and managing disturbances in behavior during media events.
CMU HCII Speaker Series - Stress in Socio-technical Systems
- 1. Socio-Technical Systems Under Stress Brian C. Keegan, Ph.D. Research Associate, Harvard Business School & HBX December 3, 2014 Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University 1
- 2. I am a… computational social scientist who uses network analysis methods to study socio-technical systems under stress 2
- 3. I am a… computational social scientist who uses network analysis methods to study socio-technical systems under stress 3
- 4. pressure or tension exerted on a material object 4
- 5. a state of mental or emotional strain resulting from adverse circumstances 5
- 6. allostasis: maintaining stability through change 6 McEwin & Wingfield, 2010
- 7. allostatic load: capacity to hand demands of routine tasks 7
- 8. allostatic overload: task demands exceed capacity for change 8
- 10. 10 Sornette & Crane, 2008
- 11. 11
- 12. 12
- 13. unstable stable beliefs goals motivations interactions organizations roles resources rules tasks 13
- 14. 14
- 15. “An unusual routine is a recurrent interaction pattern in which a system allows a process, which creates and reinforces, through dysfunctional feedback, unintended outcomes.” 15
- 16. “An unusual routine is a recurrent interaction pattern in which a system allows a process, which creates and reinforces, through dysfunctional feedback, unintended outcomes.” 16
- 17. functional dysfunctional beliefs goals motivations interactions organizations roles resources rules tasks 17
- 18. functional unstable stable dysfunctional good slow bad fast 18
- 19. functional unstable stable dysfunctional 19
- 20. functional Wikipedia unstable stable 4chan dysfunctional Reddit News Comments Twitter Facebook Second Life MOOCs 20
- 21. What happens to these socio-technical systems under stress? 21
- 22. functional Wikipedia unstable stable dysfunctional 22
- 23. functional Wikipedia unstable stable dysfunctional 23
- 24. functional unstable stable dysfunctional 24
- 25. How do socio-technical systems change under stress? 25
- 26. And if they are overloaded, how do they recover or fail? 26
- 27. 27
- 28. 28
- 29. 29
- 30. 30
- 31. 31 Post-mortem revisions have sudden onset, large magnitude, and temporary duration
- 32. Most users making these changes are “new” editors, but “old” editors return on death date 32
- 33. Wide differentiation in contribution patterns across users making post-mortem revisions 33
- 34. functional Wikipedia unstable stable Recruiting expertise across domains to support transition and recovery work dysfunctional 34
- 35. 35
- 36. 36 Audience members are mutually aware of each other’s attention to a media event
- 37. Information sharing optimal under conditions 37 of low feedback and high parallelism Dennis & Valacich, 1999; Dennis, Fuller, & Valachich, 2008
- 38. More shared attention 38
- 39. Shared attention to media events leads to less interpersonal behavior 39
- 40. Reply in-degree Retweet in-degree Shared attention exaggerates already concentrated communicative behavior 40
- 41. 41 These disruptions in large-scale behavior are significant but temporary
- 42. functional unstable stable Temporary support for exuberant parallelism and concentrated attention dysfunctional 42 Twitter
- 43. 43
- 44. 44
- 45. 45
- 46. Snopee Snoper 46
- 47. Persistence of belief in misinformation despite de-biasing interventions 47 Nyhan & Reifler, 2010; Garrrett, 2011; Ecker, Lewandowsky, & Tang, 2010
- 48. Embarrassment and conformity should make friends’ fact checks more effective 48 Foster 2004; DiFonzo & Bordia, 2007; Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004; Garrett, et al., 2013
- 49. 422 snoping events 267 snoping events 51 snoping events 733 snoping events 50
- 50. Mentioned After Not Mentioned After Follower 2.9% 97.1% Friend 12.0% 88.0% Stranger 4.2% 95.8% χ2 = 21.05; df = 1; p < .001 Snopes by friends create 3x more replies by the snopee than other relationship types 51
- 51. Challenging snopes Follower 73.9% Friend 65.8% Stranger 85.0% χ2 = 11.39; df = 1; p < .001 52 Most stranger snopes are challenges, but fewer snopes from friends are challenges
- 52. functional unstable stable Social ties can be used as a check on dysfunctional sensemaking dysfunctional 53 Twitter
- 53. Recruiting expertise across domains Support for temporary exuberance 54 to support transition work and synchronized attention Employ social ties used for sensemaking to regulate behavior
- 54. New media have capability for supporting 55 large-scale synchronous activity
- 55. 56 Selecting on dependent variable by analyzing systems that can recover Barro, 2005
- 56. 57 Ability to accommodate temporary changes to media characteristics
- 57. 58 Adapting theories of allostasis to socio-technical settings and processes
- 58. 59 Stressors, mediators, reactions, recovery, acclimation, dependence
- 59. 60 Ethics of engineering disruptions for behavioral change
- 60. Non-equilibrium communities important 61 feature in emerging HCI domains
- 61. Thank you! www.brianckeegan.com @bkeegan github.com/brianckeegan 62 CMU HCII for invitation Co-authors: Jed Brubaker (UC Irvine), Yu-Ru Lin (Pitt), Drew Margolin (Cornell), Ancsa Hannak (NEU), Ingmar Weber (QCRI), David Lazer (NEU), Darren Gergle (NU), Noshir Contractor (NU) CSCW DC 2012, iConference DC 2012, DSST Workshop 2013, Berkman Cooperation Reading Group
Editor's Notes
- #5: https://www.flickr.com/photos/tamuresearch/4724825738/
- #7: https://www.flickr.com/photos/lakota41/4444738501/sizes/l Recovering from change, re-establishing homeostasis, response to a challenge Homeostasis: standing the same Allostasis: variable stability
- #8: https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14757743076/
- #9: https://www.flickr.com/photos/davethielen/3718663030
- #10: http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/14/3/135
- #11: Didier & Sornette classes
- #12: Starting a new community, attracting and socializing new members, encouraging commitment, encouraging contribution, regulating behavior
- #22: https://www.flickr.com/photos/flash_and_blur/7965513510
- #26: https://www.flickr.com/photos/neil74/7467566548/sizes/l/
- #27: https://www.flickr.com/photos/terrymc/6301657093/sizes/l
- #37: http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-44344737/vatican-pope
- #38: https://www.flickr.com/photos/uwdigicollec/2247502690/
- #48: https://www.flickr.com/photos/yogy/3087605910/sizes/l Presentation of “correct” information has limited effects in change in individual attitudes Difficulty of dislodging “sticky” misinformation arises from consistency with attitudes, beliefs, and worldviews Rumors, gossip, and misinformation demarcate group boundaries and communicate shared values Dissemination of misinformation also aids sensemaking under uncertainty and reinforces strong, trusted ties
- #53: Friends more likely (45%) to reply to friends’ challenges than friends’ general messages (25%)
- #56: http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/BE031926/crowd-looking-into-store-window “Convergence is the development of shared meaning for information. By definition it is convergent, in that participants strive to agree on the meaning of information and agree that they have agreed. This means that participants must understand each other's views.” (Dennis & Valacich 1999)
- #57: http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/14/3/135
- #58: https://www.flickr.com/photos/tehchix0r/8532040475 Immediacy – ability to give rapid feedback on communications received Symbolic variety – number of ways information can be communicated Parallelism – supporting simultaneous conversations Rehearsability – Fine tuning message before sending Reprocessability – Messages can be re-examined
- #59: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mrclick/5814391954 Predictive/reactive homeostasis – normal range of behaviors versus normal responses to stresses Homeostatic overload/failure – mediators of behaviors overwhelm normal functions
- #60: http://www.istockphoto.com/photo/exhausted-marathon-runners-18722543 System and users
- #61: https://www.flickr.com/photos/_insomniac/6166737525/
- #62: Crowdwork, crisis informatics, MOOCs, news (picture of complexity and economics)