Cognitive development theory substages
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The document summarizes Piaget's theory of sensorimotor development from infancy to toddlerhood. It describes the 6 substages: 1) simple reflexes, 2) primary circular reactions, 3) secondary circular reactions, 4) coordination of secondary reactions, 5) tertiary circular reactions and novelty/curiosity, and 6) internalization of schemes. Key concepts discussed include object permanence, imitation, language development, attachment styles, and Chomsky's language acquisition device.
Cognitive development theory substages
- 1. Sensorimotor Motor Stage 6 Substages 1. Simple Reflexes -basic means of coordinating sensation and action is through reflexive behaviors such as rooting and sucking. First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions
- 2. 2. First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions - 1 to 4 months Habit – is a scheme based on a simple reflex such as sucking. Primary Circular Reactions – is a scheme based on the infants attempt to reproduce an interesting or a pleasurable event that initially occurred by chance.
- 3. 3. Secondary Circular Reactions - 4 to 8 months - the infant becomes more object-oriented or focused on the world, moving beyond preoccupation with the self in sensorimotor interactions. -infants imitate simple actions of others
- 4. 4. Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions - 8 to 12 months - infants combine and recombine previously learned schemes in a coordinated way Intentionality - the separation of means and goals in accomplishing simple feats.
- 5. 5. Tertiary Circular Reactions, Novelty and Curiosity - 12 to 18 months - infants become intrigued by the variety of properties that objects possess and by the many things they can make happen to objects - are schemes in which the infant purposely explores new possibilities with objects, continually changing what is done to them and exploring the results - starting point of human curiosity and interest in novelty.
- 6. 6. Internalization of Schemes - 18 to 24 months - infant’s mental functioning shifts from a purely sensorimotor plane to a symbolic plane - infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols. Symbol – is an internalized sensory image or word that represents an event
- 7. Object Permanence - infant’ most important accomplishment in the sensorimotor stage - is the understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard or touched.
- 8. Conditioning - if an infant behavior is followed by a rewarding stimulus, the behavior is likely to recur. Habituation -repeated presentation of the same stimulus, which causes reduced attention to the stimulus Dishabituation - is an increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation
- 9. Deferred Imitation - imitation which occurs after a time delay of hours or days - does not occur until infants are 18 months of age.
- 10. Memory - a central feature of cognitive development, pertaining to all situations in which an individual retains information over time Implicit memory – retention of a perceptual motor variety that is involve in conditioning tasks Explicit memory – the ability to consciously recall the past
- 11. Infantile Amnesia – adults cannot remember anything from the first three years of their life. Language – is a form of communication based on a system of symbols. In humans, is characterized by infinite generativity and rule systems.
- 12. Infinite Generativity - is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules. - this quality makes language a highly creative enterprise
- 13. Language Milestone Age Milestone Birth Crying 1 to 3 months Cooing begins 6 months Babbling begins 8 to `12 months Use gestures, such as showing and pointing, comprehension of words appear 13 months First word spoken 18 months Vocabulary spurt starts 18 to 24 months Uses two -word utterances Rapid expansion of understanding of words
- 14. Phonology -is the language sound system = provide a basis for constructing a large and expandable set of words /sp/ /ch/ /ba/ Vocabulary spurt – is a label that has been given to the rapid increase in an infant’s vocabulary 18 months – can speak 50 words 2 –year old – can speak about 200 words
- 15. Telegraphic Speech - is the use of short and precise words to communicate, young children’s two to three- word utterances are characteristically telegraphic. Language Production- refers to the words and sentences that children use.
- 16. Language Comprehension - refers to the language children understand In infancy – receptive vocabulary (words the child can understand) exceeds spoken vocabulary (words the child uses)
- 17. Noam Chomsky - believes that humans are biologically prewired to learn a language in a certain time and in a certain way. - children are born into this world with LAD Language Acquisition Device (LAD) – a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain language categories, such as phonology, syntax, and semantics.
- 18. Infant-directed Speech - speech often used by parents (parentese) and other adults when they talk to babies. - it has a higher than normal pitch and involves the use of simple words and sentences Other strategies: 1. Recasting – is rephrasing something the child has said in different way perhaps turning it into a question Ex. The dog was barking. When was the dog barking?
- 19. 2. Echoing – is repeating what a child says, especially if it is an incomplete sentence 3. Expanding – is restating in a linguistically sophisticated form what a child has said. 4. Labeling – is identifying the names of objects.
- 20. Goodness of fit – refers to the match between the child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope up with. Attachment – is a close emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver Secure attachment – the infant uses caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
- 21. 3 Types of insecurely attached infants 1. insecure avoidant babies – babies that show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver 2. insecure resistant babies – babies that often cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away 3. insecure disorganized babies – babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented
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