common skin disorders by rustom raju,University of Rajshahi
- 1. NAME: RUSTOM RAJU ID: 2110526146 NAME: SYED OLIULLAH ID: 2110926131
- 2. • Introduction • Classification • Features • Diagnosis • Treatment CONTENTS
- 3. INTRODUCTION OF SKIN DISEASE Skin diseases are conditions that affects the skin's appearance, texture, or function.These can include issues like acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, and many others. Some skin conditions may be genetic,while lifestyle factors may cause others. Skin disease treatment may include medications,creams and ointments,or lifestyle changes. What are skin diseases?
- 4. COMMON TYPES OF SKIN DISEASE Common diseases of the skin are classified as A. Pigmentary disease: i)Hyperpigmentation ii)Hypopigmentation B. Disease related to the sebaceous and sweat glands: i)Acne i)Prickly heat or Strophus C. Skin scaling disease: i)Dandruff ii)Psoriasis iii)Effect of aging on skin
- 6. Hyperpigmentation Hyperpigmentation refers to the darkening of skin due to abnormal pigmentation on a small area of the skin. This disorder is due to an increase local synthesis of melanin in the epidermis. Hyperpigmentation is a common condition that makes some areas of the skin darker than others. Extra melanin creates spots or patches that look brown, black, gray, red or pink. The areas are not painful or itchy, but they can make people self-conscious. CAUSES: 1. This disorder is due to an increase local synthesis of melanin in the epidermis. 2. This can be further stimulated by various factors such as a. sun exposure, b. hormonal changes, c. skin injuries or inflammation.
- 7. Hyperpigmentation cont….. Diagnosis : A healthcare provider can diagnose hyperpigmentation by 1. Visually examination of color difference between hyperpigmented areaand normal skin.That helps in the identification of hyperpigmentation. 2. Wood light test and diascopy of a skin patch helps to view skin pigment more clearly. Treatment: Hyperpigmentation can be treated through various methods, including 1. Topical creams containing ingredients like hydroquinone, retinoids . 2. Chemical peels, 3. Laser therapy and 4. Intense pulsed light (IPL) treatments are also options. 5. Sun protection is crucial to prevent further darkening.
- 8. Hypopigmentation/ Vitiligo Hypopigmentation or vitiligo
- 9. Hypopigmentation / Vitiligo Synthesis of lesser amount of melanin in part of skin can cause hypopigminatation , which is called vitiligo,a patchy depigmentation of the skin. So, hypopigmentation refers to the loss or reduction of skin pigmentation, resulting in lighter patches of skin compared to the surrounding area.A decrease or total absence of melanocytes in the depigmentation areas has been observed. Diagnosis: A healthcare provider can diagnose hypopigmentation by 1. Visually examine color difference of hypopigmented area with normal skin. 2. Physical examination, medical history and 3. Skin biopsy,wood light test helps to determine the underlying cause of hypopigmentation.
- 10. Treatment: 1.Use of medicaltion: Corticosteroid creams or ointments can help to promote repigmentation. Drugs like tacrolimus may be prescribed to suppress the immune response and encourage pigment production. 2. Surgical techniques: In cases where other treatments have failed, surgical techniques may be considered to transplant healthy pigmented skin to the affected area.These tecniques includes: skin grafting, micropigmentation
- 11. Disease related to the sebaceous and sweat glands Disorders or malfunctions of sebaceous and sweat glands can cause various skin diseases like acne, prickly heat etc. Acne like pimples,blackheads,whiteheads and boils are caused by the disorders of hair follicles and sebaceous glands and mostly occurs in face,neck,and upper portion of chest and back. Miliara , most common of whioch is prickly heat or strophus , is caused by disorder or sweat glands and mostly occur in neck and large areas of the skin.
- 12. ACNE • • ACNE
- 13. ACNE CONT….. Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It often results in pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, and can appear on the face, neck, chest, back, and shoulders. Acne can range from mild to severe and can cause emotional distress and self-esteem issues, especially during adolescence when it's most common. Hormonal changes, genetics, certain medications, and lifestyle factors like diet and stress can contribute to acne development.
- 14. ACNE CONT….. Types of acne include: 1. Whiteheads: Plugged hair follicles that stay beneath the skin and produce a white bump. 2. Blackheads: Plugged follicles that reach the surface of the skin and open up. They look black on the skin surface because the air discolors the sebum, not because they are dirty. 3. Papules: Inflamed lesions that usually appear as small, pink bumps on the skin and can be tender to the touch. 4. Pustules or pimples: Papules topped by white or yellow pus-filled lesions that may be red at the base. 5. Nodules: Large, painful solid lesions that are lodged deep within the skin. 6. Severe nodular acne (sometimes called cystic acne): Deep, painful, pus-filled lesions.
- 15. ACNE CONT….. Causes of Acne One or more of the following causes can lead to the development of acne: 1) Excess or high production of sebum . 2) Buildup of dead skin cells in the pore. 3) Growth of bacteria in the pore.
- 16. ACNE CONT….. Development of Acne Excess Oil Production (Sebum): Sebaceous glands in the skin produce an oily substance called sebum. Hormonal changes, particularly during adolescence, can cause these glands to produce more sebum than usual. Clogged Pores: Normally, sebum moves through hair follicles to the skin's surface. However, when the follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and excess sebum, it creates an ideal environment for bacteria to thrive. Bacterial Growth: The bacterium called Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is commonly found on the skin. When trapped within the clogged follicle, it multiplies rapidly, causing inflammation. Inflammation: The body's immune system responds to the presence of bacteria by sending white blood cells to fight the infection. This inflammatory response leads to redness, swelling, and the formation of pus-filled lesions known as pimples or zits.
- 17. ACNE CONT…..
- 18. ACNE CONT….. Treatment: The treatment of acne typically depends on its severity and type. Here's an overview: 1.Topical Treatments: Benzoyl Peroxide: Kills bacteria, removes excess oil, and exfoliates dead skin cells. Salicylic Acid: Helps unclog pores and reduces inflammation. Retinoids: These help unclog pores and reduce inflammation. They also promote cell turnover, preventing new acne formation. Topical Antibiotics: These kill bacteria on the skin and reduce inflammation. 2.Oral Medications: Antibiotics: These are often prescribed for moderate to severe acne to reduce inflammation and kill bacteria. Oral Contraceptives: For females, certain birth control pills can help regulate hormones that contribute to acne. Isotretinoin (Accutane): A powerful medication for severe acne that reduces oil production, prevents clogged pores, and has anti-inflammatory effects.
- 19. ACNE CONT….. 3.Procedures: • Laser Therapy: Destroys the bacteria that cause acne and reduces inflammation. 4.Lifestyle Changes: Cleanse Gently: Avoid harsh scrubbing or washing too often, as it can irritate the skin. Moisturize: Use oil-free, non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep the skin hydrated without clogging pores. Avoid Trigger Foods: Some people find that certain foods, like dairy or high-glycemic foods, worsen their acne. Stress Management: Stress can exacerbate acne, so finding ways to manage stress through relaxation techniques or exercise can be beneficial. Sun Protection: Use sunscreen to prevent sun damage.
- 21. Psoriasis This is a skin disease characterized by the formation of scaly red patches,particularly on the extensor surfaces of the body,mainly elbows and knees. This site is covered with silvery scales which on removal show a small bleeding point. Psoriasis is a common, long-term (chronic) disease that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches. It can be painful, interfere with sleep and make it hard to concentrate. Causes: The cause of psoriasis isn't fully understood. It's thought to be an immune system problem where infection-fighting cells attack healthy skin cells by mistake. Researchers believe that it is an autoimmune condition,that cause the rapid buildup of skin cell. Treatment: Steroid creams or ointments (topical corticosteroids) are commonly used to treat mild to moderate psoriasis in most areas of the body. The treatment works by reducing inflammation. This slows the production of skin cells and reduces itching. Topical corticosteroids range in strength from mild to very strong.
- 22. ii)Dandruff:
- 23. Dandruff This is characterized by flacking of stratum corneum and mostly occurs on sculp. The reason suggested for this condition can be microbial infection,immunological or normal disorder at the surface of stratum corneum . Treatment: Regular washing of the scalp with a medicated shampoo may be all that is required to relieve itching scalp. The most common anti-dandruff shampoos contain one or more of: zinc pyrithione or zinc omadine ,selenium sulphide.
- 24. Effect of aging on skin Aging affects the characters and function of the skin. Cosmetics are used to partially repair,mask or overcome such changes. Various changes caused by aging are 1) Thining of epidermis making older people more prone to injury and skin infection . 2) Reducing the sensitivity of the immune system causing further skin damage and infection. 3) Change in color,lower melanin level makes it more sensitive to sun exposure. 4) Dry and scaly skin due to less secretion of sebum and sweat. 5) Cold skin due to low blood supply. 6) Decrease in elasticity of the skin and occurance of wrinckles.
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