COMMUNICATION SKILSS IN NURSING PRACTICE
- 2.  At the end of the lecture students should gain an understanding of communication skills. GENERAL OBJECTIVE
- 3. 1.Definition terms 2.Describe the elements of communication 3.Differentiate between verbal and nonverbal communication 4.Discuss types of communication 5.Identify and apply communication skills 6.Explain the concept of active listening 7.Summarize the importance of summarizing in communication 8.Analyze barriers to communication SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
- 4.  Health Communication: The study and practice of using communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health. It includes promoting health behaviors, policies, and services.  Information, Education, and Communication (IEC): A planned approach to providing people with information, education, and tools to encourage positive health behaviors. IEC involves creating awareness, changing attitudes, and improving skills to enable individuals to make informed decisions. DEFINITIONS
- 5.  Communication: Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, or feelings between individuals or groups through verbal, nonverbal, or written methods. It involves a sender, a message, a medium, and a receiver, with the goal of mutual understanding.  Stress: A physiological and psychological response to perceived challenges or threats that disrupt an individual's balance. It can impact communication by affecting clarity, emotion regulation, and interpersonal interactions.  Emotions: Subjective feelings that arise in response to internal or external stimuli. Emotions play a crucial role in communication by influencing tone, body language, and perception. DEFINITIONS
- 6.  Effective Communication: The successful exchange of information where the intended message is accurately understood by the receiver. It requires clarity, active listening, appropriate feedback, and empathy. DEFINITIONS
- 7.  Skills: Skills refer to the abilities or expertise a person develops through training, practice, or experience to perform tasks effectively and efficiently.  Communication Skills: Communication skills are the abilities that enable an individual to convey information, thoughts, and emotions clearly and effectively to others. These include verbal skills (spoken or written words), nonverbal skills (body language, facial expressions), active listening, empathy, and the ability to adapt communication to different audiences or contexts. DEFINITIONS
- 8. 1. Sender (Communicator/Source): The person or entity who initiates the communication. Responsible for encoding the message and delivering it to the receiver. 2. Message: The content or information the sender wants to communicate. Can include facts, ideas, emotions, or instructions. 3. Encoding: The process of converting the message into symbols, words, gestures, or other forms that the receiver can understand. Examples: writing a letter, speaking, or creating a visual presentation. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
- 9. 4. Channel (Medium): The means or medium through which the message is transmitted. Examples: verbal communication (speech), written communication (email, letters), visual communication (images, videos). 5. Receiver: The individual or group for whom the message is intended. Responsible for decoding and interpreting the message. 6. Decoding: The process by which the receiver interprets and makes sense of the message. Accurate decoding depends on the clarity of the message and the receiver's understanding. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
- 10. 7. Feedback: The response or reaction from the receiver to the sender's message. Ensures that the message was understood as intended and closes the communication loop. 8. Context: The environment or situation in which communication takes place. Includes physical, social, cultural, and psychological aspects that influence the interaction. 9. Noise (Interference): any factor that distorts or disrupts the message during communication. Types of noise include physical noise (loud sounds), psychological noise (stress, emotions), and semantic noise (language barriers, unclear wording). ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
- 12.  Communication can be broadly categorized based on the mode of delivery, purpose, or setting. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
- 13.  This involves the use of spoken or written words to convey messages. Examples: • Oral Communication: Conversations, speeches, phone calls, meetings, or lectures. • Written Communication: Letters, emails, reports, memos, books, or social media posts. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- 14.  This involves conveying messages without the use of words. Examples: • Body language (gestures, posture, and facial expressions). • Eye contact. • Tone of voice. • Physical proximity. • Appearance and attire. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
- 15.  This type uses visual elements to communicate messages effectively. Examples: • Graphs, charts, and diagrams. • Images, videos, and infographics. • Signboards and advertisements. VISUAL COMMUNICATION
- 16.  This occurs in structured, professional, or official settings and follows predefined rules or protocols. Examples: • Business meetings. • Official memos. • Reports and presentations. FORMAL COMMUNICATION
- 17.  This is casual and unstructured communication, often occurring in personal or social contexts. Examples: • Friendly chats. • Text messages or casual emails. • Gossip or spontaneous discussions INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
- 18.  This involves direct interaction between two or more individuals. Examples: • One-on-one conversations. • Small group discussions. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
- 19.  This is communication within oneself, including self- reflection and internal dialogue. Examples: • Thinking or self-talk. • Journaling personal thoughts. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
- 20.  This involves sharing information with a large audience through media channels. Examples: • Television and radio broadcasts. • Newspapers, magazines, and websites. • Social media platforms. MASS COMMUNICATION
- 21.  This occurs when multiple people interact and exchange information within a group. Examples: • Team meetings. • Study groups. • Collaborative projects. GROUP COMMUNICATION
- 22.  This occurs between people from different cultural or linguistic backgrounds, often requiring an understanding of diverse cultural norms and practices. Examples: • International business dealings. • Multilingual meetings. CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
- 23.  This uses digital platforms to connect and exchange information. Examples: • Video calls (e.g., Zoom, Teams). • Emails and instant messaging. • Social networking. ONLINE/VIRTUAL COMMUNICATION
- 24. 1.Verbal Communication • Clarity and Conciseness: Speaking or writing in a way that the message is easily understood. • Active Listening: Fully focusing, understanding, and responding to what the other person is saying. 2.Nonverbal Communication • Body Language: Using gestures, posture, facial expressions, and eye contact to convey messages. • Tone of Voice: Adjusting the pitch, tone, and volume to match the message. COMMUNICATION SKILLS:
- 25. 3. Written Communication • Grammar and Spelling: Using proper writing conventions for emails, reports, or letters. • Structure and Organization: Structuring content logically for clear understanding. 4. Listening Skills • Active Listening: Fully engaging with the speaker to understand their message without interruption. • Empathy: Showing understanding and responding appropriately to the speaker’s emotions. COMMUNICATION SKILLS
- 26. 5. Interpersonal Skills • Building rapport and maintaining positive relationships through communication. • Conflict resolution and problem-solving through effective dialogue. 6. Adaptability • Adjusting communication style according to the audience and context. • Being flexible in handling different communication channels (verbal, written, visual). COMMUNICATION SKILLS
- 27. 7. Feedback • Giving and receiving constructive feedback in a respectful and helpful manner. 8. Persuasion and Influence • Effectively persuading or influencing others through compelling communication techniques. COMMUNICATION SKILLS
- 28. 9. Collaborative Communication • Working with teams to exchange ideas, provide feedback, and achieve common goals. 10. Technology and Digital Communication • Effectively using communication tools like email, chat applications, video conferencing, and social media for seamless communication. COMMUNICATION SKILLS
- 29.  Active Listening is a communication technique that involves fully focusing, understanding, and responding to what the speaker is saying, rather than just passively hearing the words. It goes beyond just hearing the message to understanding the emotions, context, and nuances behind it. ACTIVE LISTENING
- 30. 1.Focusing: Giving full attention to the speaker without distractions (e.g., avoiding interruptions, looking at your phone). 2.Understanding: Comprehending the speaker’s message by mentally processing the information being shared. KEY COMPONENTS OF ACTIVE LISTENING
- 31. 3. Responding: Providing feedback, clarifying doubts, and showing that you understand through verbal or nonverbal cues (e.g., nodding, summarizing, or asking questions). 4. Retention: Retaining the information communicated and recalling it when necessary in future interactions. KEY COMPONENTS OF ACTIVE LISTENING
- 32.  Improved Communication: Ensures that the speaker feels heard and understood. • Better Understanding: Enhances comprehension of the message’s content and emotional context. • Stronger Relationships: Builds trust and fosters positive relationships through empathetic listening. • Conflict Resolution: Helps in resolving misunderstandings and conflicts by addressing concerns effectively. • Increased Productivity: Improves teamwork and collaboration by ensuring that all members feel heard and valued. BENEFITS OF ACTIVE LISTENING
- 33. • Maintain Eye Contact: Helps establish a connection and shows attentiveness. • Nod and Use Minimal Encouragers: Such as “I see,” “That makes sense,” or “Go on.” • Paraphrase: Restating what the speaker said to confirm understanding. • Ask Clarifying Questions: To ensure full understanding of the message. • Avoid Interrupting: Allow the speaker to express their thoughts fully without interruptions. TECHNIQUES FOR ACTIVE LISTENING
- 34.  Summarizing in Communication is the process of condensing and restating the main points of a conversation or message in a concise and clear manner. It helps ensure understanding, reinforces key ideas, and facilitates better communication. SUMMARIZING IN COMMUNICATION
- 35. 1.Clarification 1.Verifying that both parties have understood the key points correctly. 2.Retention 1.Assisting in remembering the main ideas for future reference. 3.Engagement 1.Encouraging active participation by actively listening and summarizing key points. PURPOSE OF SUMMARIZING
- 36. 1.Listen Actively 1.Pay close attention to what is being said to capture the main ideas and important details. 2.Identify Key Points 1.Focus on the most relevant or significant information shared during the communication. 3.Restate Briefly 1.Rephrase the key points in your own words, ensuring clarity and brevity. 4.Check for Understanding 1.Ask if the summary accurately reflects what the speaker intended to communicate. STEPS IN SUMMARIZING
- 37. • Enhances Understanding: Provides a clear overview of the conversation, making sure all important points are retained. • Reduces Miscommunication: Minimizes misunderstandings by highlighting the core message. • Facilitates Decision-Making: Helps in making informed decisions based on summarized information. • Improves Communication Efficiency: Saves time by focusing on key information rather than unnecessary details. BENEFITS OF SUMMARIZING
- 38. • Verbal Summarization: After a meeting, you might say, “So, what I understand is that we need to complete the project by next month and focus on the client’s feedback.” • Written Summarization: Writing a concise summary of a long report for executives to quickly grasp the main insights. EXAMPLES
- 39.  Barriers to Communication are obstacles that hinder effective exchange of information between the sender and receiver.  These barriers can occur at any stage of communication —encoding, transmitting, receiving, or decoding the message. BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
- 40. 1. Physical Barriers • Noise: Environmental disturbances that interfere with understanding, such as loud sounds or poor acoustics. • Distance: Physical separation between the sender and receiver. • Technology Issues: Poor network connections, unclear signals in communication tools (e.g., video conferencing or phone calls). 2. Linguistic Barriers • Language Differences: Differences in native languages or dialects. • Jargon and Terminology: Use of complex technical terms or unfamiliar phrases that the receiver may not understand. • Accent and Pronunciation: Miscommunication arising from pronunciation differences or accents. TYPES OF BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
- 41. 3. Psychological Barriers  Emotional Factors: Stress, fear, anxiety, or emotions can distort messages or reception.  Perception Differences: Individuals may interpret messages differently based on personal beliefs, experiences, or biases.  Prejudice and Stereotyping: Preconceived notions or biases can affect how messages are perceived. 4. Organizational Barriers  Hierarchy and Authority: Ineffective communication within organizational structures due to rigid hierarchies or lack of open channels.  Poor Management: Lack of clear policies, unclear roles, and ineffective communication systems within the organization.  Incomplete or Delayed Information: Lack of proper communication channels, resulting in late or inaccurate information. TYPES OF BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
- 42. 5. Cultural and Social Barriers • Cultural Differences: Variations in norms, traditions, values, and communication styles that lead to misunderstandings. • Ethical or Social Norms: Different societal expectations that influence how messages are conveyed or received. 6. Technological Barriers • Poor Technology: Outdated communication tools, lack of internet access, or ineffective use of digital platforms. • Over-reliance on Technology: Misuse of communication tools leading to misinterpretation or lack of personal touch. TYPES OF BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
- 43. 7. Physical and Sensory Barriers • Hearing or Visual Impairments: Disabilities that hinder effective reception of messages. • Fatigue: Physical exhaustion that impacts the ability to concentrate and process communication. 8. Semantic Barriers • Ambiguity in Language: Use of unclear or vague words that lead to misunderstandings. • Misinterpretation of Meanings: Differences in understanding idioms, slang, or context-specific language. TYPES OF BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
- 44. 9. Time and Resource Barriers • Time Constraints: Limited time affecting the depth and clarity of communication. • Lack of Resources: Inadequate tools or resources (like documents, reference materials) to support effective communication. 10. Social Media and Digital Communication Barriers • Over-reliance on Informal Communication: Misuse of informal platforms can lead to misunderstandings. • Cybersecurity Issues: Concerns related to data security, privacy, and miscommunication through digital platforms. TYPES OF BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION