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1
Compaction
N. Sivakugan
Duration = 10 minutes
SIVA
Copyright©2001
2
What is compaction?
A simple ground improvement technique, where the soil
is densified through external compactive effort.
+ water =
Compactive
effort
SIVA
Copyright©2001
3
Compaction Curve
Water content
Dry
density
(
d
)
optimum
water content
d, max
Soil grains densely packed
- good strength and stiffness
- low permeability
SIVA
Copyright©2001
4
Compaction Curve
What happens to the relative quantities of the three phases
with addition of water?
Water content
Dry
density
(
d
)
soil
water
air
difficult to expel all air
lowest void ratio and
highest dry density at
optimum w
SIVA
Copyright©2001
5
Zero Air Void Curve
All compaction points should lie
to the left of ZAV curve
- corresponds to 100% saturation
Water content
Dry
density
(
d
)
Zero air void curve (S=100%)
s
w
s
d
wG
G


1
:
Eq


S<100%
S>100% (impossible)
SIVA
Copyright©2001
6
Effect of Compactive Effort
Increasing compactive
effort results in:
E1
E2 (>E1)
 Lower optimum water
content
 Higher maximum dry
density
Water content
Dry
density
(
d
)
SIVA
Copyright©2001
7
Compaction and Clay Fabric
Higher water content or higher
compactive effort gives more
dispersed fabric.
more dispersed fabric
more
dispersed
fabric
Water content
Dry
density
(
d
)
SIVA
Copyright©2001
8
Line of Optimum
Water content
Dry
density
(
d
)
Compaction curves
for different efforts
Line of optimum
SIVA
Copyright©2001
Filed Compaction
Pneumatic rubber tired roller
Different types of rollers (clockwise
from right):
 Vibratory roller
 Smooth-wheel roller
 Sheepsfoot roller
SIVA
Copyright©2001
10
Field Compaction
Compacts effectively only to 200-300 mm; therefore,
place the soil in shallow layers (lifts)
Smooth Wheeled Roller
SIVA
Copyright©2001
11
Field Compaction
 for compacting very small areas
Vibrating Plates
 effective for granular soils
SIVA
Copyright©2001
12
Field Compaction
 Provides kneading action; “walks out” after compaction
Sheepsfoot Roller
 Very effective on clays
SIVA
Copyright©2001
13
Field Compaction
 Provides deeper (2-3m) compaction. e.g., air field
Impact Roller
SIVA
Copyright©2001
14
Compaction Control
-a systematic exercise where you check
at regular intervals whether the
compaction was done to specifications.
e.g., 1 test per
1000 m3 of
compacted soil
• Minimum dry density
• Range of water content
Field measurements (of d) obtained using
• sand cone
• nuclear density meter
SIVA
Copyright©2001
15
Laboratory Compaction Test
- to obtain the compaction curve and define the
optimum water content and maximum dry density for a
specific compactive effort.
hammer
Standard Proctor: Modified Proctor:
• 3 layers
• 25 blows per layer
• 5 layers
• 25 blows per layer
• 2.7 kg hammer
• 300 mm drop
• 4.9 kg hammer
• 450 mm drop
1000 ml compaction mould
SIVA
Copyright©2001
16
Compaction Control Test
compacted ground
d,field = ?
wfield = ?
Compaction
specifications
Compare!
w
d
SIVA
Copyright©2001
Dynamic Compaction
- pounding the ground by a heavy weight
Suitable for granular soils, land fills
and karst terrain with sink holes.
Crater created by the impact
Pounder (Tamper)
solution cavities in
limestone
(to be backfilled)
SIVA
Copyright©2001
Dynamic Compaction
Pounder (Tamper)
Mass = 5-30 tonne
Drop = 10-30 m
SIVA
Copyright©2001
Dynamic Compaction
SIVA
Copyright©2001
Vibroflotation
Vibroflot (vibrating unit)
Length = 2 – 3 m
Diameter = 0.3 – 0.5 m
Mass = 2 tonnes
Practiced in several forms:
 vibro–compaction
 stone columns
 vibro-replacement
Suitable for granular soils
(lowered into the ground
and vibrated)
SIVA
Copyright©2001
Vibroflotation
SIVA
Copyright©2001
Vibroflotation
SIVA
Copyright©2001
Vibroflotation
SIVA
Copyright©2001
Vibroflotation
SIVA
Copyright©2001
Vibroflotation
SIVA
Copyright©2001
Vibroflotation
SIVA
Copyright©2001
27
Stone Columns
vibrator makes a
hole in the weak
ground
hole backfilled ..and compacted Densely compacted
stone column
SIVA
Copyright©2001
28
Blasting
Aftermath of blasting
Fireworks?
For densifying granular soils
SIVA
Copyright©2001
29
Earthmoving Equipment
Large Excavator (see minivan on left for scale)
David and Goliath?
SIVA
Copyright©2001
30
Earthmoving Equipment
Grader for spreading soil
SIVA
Copyright©2001
31
Earthmoving Equipment
Bulldozer for spreading soil evenly
SIVA
Copyright©2001
32
Earthmoving Equipment
Loader
SIVA
Copyright©2001
33
Earthmoving Equipment
Backhoe
SIVA
Copyright©2001
34
Earthmoving Equipment
Crawler mounted Hydraulic Excavator
SIVA
Copyright©2001
35
Earthmoving Equipment
Rock Breaker

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Compaction lecture notes for civil engineering