Computer Application in Business (commerce)

P.Sudarmani,Asst.Prof.in CS SVCSFW, ERODE
SRI VASAVI COLLEGE, ERODE
SELF FINANCE WING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Unit:1 Computer : Introduction – Meaning – Characteristics – Generations –
Types of Digital Computer – Components of Computer – Input, Storage and
Output Devices – Uses of Computers in Modern Business.
UNIT I: Computer
Introduction: A computer is an electronic device that processes data to perform various tasks. It
follows instructions given by software programs to execute operations efficiently.
Meaning: A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, processes data, stores
information, and produces output.
Characteristics of Computers:
1. Speed: Performs operations in fractions of a second.
2. Accuracy: Produces highly precise and reliable results.
3. Automation: Works without human intervention once programmed.
4. Storage: Stores vast amounts of data for future use.
5. Versatility: Performs a variety of tasks across different fields.
6. Connectivity: Connects with other devices and networks for data exchange.
Generations of Computers:
1. First Generation (1940-1956): Used vacuum tubes, large and slow.
2. Second Generation (1956-1963): Used transistors, more reliable.
3. Third Generation (1964-1971): Used Integrated Circuits (ICs), faster processing.
4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Used microprocessors, personal computers
emerged.
5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): AI, quantum computing, and advanced
robotics.
Types of Digital Computers:
1. Supercomputers: High-speed computers used for complex calculations.
2. Mainframe Computers: Large, powerful systems used by organizations.

3. Minicomputers: Mid-range computers used for business and research.
4. Microcomputers: Personal computers (PCs), desktops, and laptops.
Components of a Computer:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, performs processing tasks.
2. Motherboard: Connects all components and allows communication between them.
3. Power Supply Unit (PSU): Provides electrical power to the system.
4. Cooling System: Prevents overheating of components.
Input, Storage, and Output Devices:
Input Devices:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Scanner
 Microphone
 Touchscreen
Storage Devices:
 Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
 Solid State Drive (SSD)
 USB Flash Drive
 Memory Cards
Output Devices:
 Monitor (Display Screen)
 Printer
 Speakers
 Projectors
Uses of Computers in Modern Business:
1. Data Processing: Managing financial records, transactions, and analytics.
2. Communication: Email, video conferencing, and collaborative tools.
3. Marketing: Digital marketing, social media, and customer relationship management
(CRM).

4. Automation: Process automation, AI-driven decision-making, and workflow
management.
5. E-commerce: Online transactions, inventory management, and customer engagement.
6. Security: Cybersecurity measures to protect data and privacy.
7. Cloud Computing: Storing and accessing business data from anywhere.

Unit:2 Software: Meaning – Types of Software – Operating Systems: Meaning
- Functions – Types - Programming Language – Compilers and Interpreters-
Database Processing: Data Vs. Information – Database Management Systems:
Meaning - Components – Uses – Limitations – Types.
UNIT 2: Software
Meaning: Software refers to a set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate computers
and execute specific tasks. It is the non-tangible component of a computer system.
Types of Software:
1. System Software: Manages hardware and provides a platform for other software (e.g.,
Operating Systems, Utility Software).
2. Application Software: Designed for end-users to perform specific tasks (e.g., Word
Processors, Media Players).
3. Middleware: Bridges different applications or systems to ensure smooth interaction.
4. Development Software: Includes tools like programming languages, compilers, and
debuggers used for software development.
Operating Systems (OS)
Meaning: An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware,
software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
Functions of an OS:
1. Process Management: Handles task scheduling and execution.
2. Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory.
3. File System Management: Organizes and controls file storage.
4. Device Management: Controls hardware components.
5. User Interface: Provides interaction between the user and the computer.
6. Security & Access Control: Protects data and system resources.
Types of Operating Systems:
1. Single-user OS: Designed for one user at a time (e.g., Windows, macOS).
2. Multi-user OS: Supports multiple users simultaneously (e.g., UNIX, Linux).
3. Real-time OS (RTOS): Processes data in real time (e.g., Embedded Systems).
4. Distributed OS: Manages a group of computers as a single system.

5. Mobile OS: Designed for mobile devices (e.g., Android, iOS).
Programming Language
A programming language is a formal set of instructions used to communicate with a computer
and create software applications. Examples: Python, Java, C++.
Compilers and Interpreters:
 Compiler: Translates the entire code into machine language before execution (e.g., C,
C++ compilers).
 Interpreter: Translates and executes code line-by-line (e.g., Python, JavaScript
interpreters).
Database Processing
Data vs. Information:
 Data: Raw facts and figures without context.
 Information: Processed data that is meaningful and useful.
Database Management System (DBMS)
Meaning: A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that manages databases,
ensuring organized data storage, retrieval, and manipulation.
Components of DBMS:
1. Hardware: Physical storage and processing devices.
2. Software: The DBMS software itself.
3. Data: Organized collection of stored information.
4. Procedures: Rules and methods for managing data.
5. Database Users: Administrators, end-users, and application programmers.
Uses of DBMS:
 Efficient data management and retrieval.
 Ensures data integrity and security.
 Supports multi-user access.
 Enables data backup and recovery.
Limitations of DBMS:
 High initial setup and maintenance cost.
 Complexity in managing large-scale databases.

 Performance issues with high-volume transactions.
Types of DBMS:
1. Hierarchical DBMS: Data is organized in a tree-like structure.
2. Network DBMS: Data is stored in a graph structure.
3. Relational DBMS (RDBMS): Uses tables with rows and columns (e.g., MySQL,
PostgreSQL).
4. Object-oriented DBMS: Stores data in object form.

Unit:3 Management Information System: Meaning – Characteristics -
Functional Management Information Systems: Financial – Accounting –
Marketing- Production – Human resource – Business Process Outsourcing.
UNIT 3: Management Information System (MIS)
Meaning: A Management Information System (MIS) is a system designed to collect, process,
store, and distribute information to support decision-making, coordination, analysis, and control
in an organization.
Characteristics of MIS:
1. Systematic Processing: Collects and processes data systematically.
2. Support for Decision-Making: Helps managers make informed decisions.
3. Integration: Connects various business functions.
4. Real-time Access: Provides timely and relevant information.
5. User-friendly: Designed to be easy to use for different levels of management.
6. Security and Control: Ensures data confidentiality and integrity.
Functional Management Information Systems: MIS is applied in various functional areas of
an organization, including:
1. Financial MIS:
o Supports financial planning, budgeting, and financial analysis.
o Tracks expenses, revenues, and profitability.
o Examples: Cash flow management systems, investment analysis tools.
2. Accounting MIS:
o Manages financial transactions, bookkeeping, and reporting.
o Ensures compliance with financial regulations.
o Examples: Accounting software like QuickBooks, SAP Accounting.
3. Marketing MIS:
o Helps in market research, customer segmentation, and sales analysis.
o Supports promotional campaigns and customer relationship management (CRM).
o Examples: Salesforce, Google Analytics.
4. Production MIS:
o Enhances production planning, inventory control, and resource allocation.

o Helps track production efficiency and cost management.
o Examples: ERP systems like SAP and Oracle Manufacturing.
5. Human Resource MIS (HRMIS):
o Manages employee records, payroll, recruitment, and performance tracking.
o Supports training, employee benefits, and workforce planning.
o Examples: Workday, BambooHR.
6. Business Process Outsourcing (BPO):
o Utilizes MIS to manage outsourced business functions.
o Common areas include customer service, IT support, and payroll processing.
o Helps in workflow automation and efficiency tracking.

Unit:4 Networking – Meaning – Types - Internet: Meaning – Internet Basis -
World Wide Web – Internet Access – Internet Addressing – Search Engines –
Electronic Mail.
UNIT 4: Networking
Meaning: Networking refers to the practice of connecting computers and other devices to share
resources, data, and services. It enables communication and collaboration between users and
systems.
Types of Networking:
1. LAN (Local Area Network): A network that connects computers within a small
geographical area such as a home, office, or school.
2. WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that covers a large geographical area, such as
the internet.
3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A network covering a city or a large campus.
4. PAN (Personal Area Network): A network used for connecting personal devices like
smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
5. VPN (Virtual Private Network): A secure network that allows users to connect to the
internet privately.
Internet
Meaning: The Internet is a global network that connects millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks using standardized communication protocols.
Internet Basics:
 Uses TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) for communication.
 Allows access to information and communication services worldwide.
 Comprises multiple services such as the World Wide Web (WWW), email, file sharing,
and social networking.
World Wide Web (WWW):
 A collection of interlinked web pages accessed via the internet.
 Uses HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) for communication.
 Web browsers like Chrome, Firefox, and Safari enable users to access web pages.

Internet Access Methods:
1. Dial-up: Uses telephone lines and is slow.
2. Broadband: High-speed internet access via DSL, cable, or fiber optics.
3. Wi-Fi: Wireless internet access over a short distance.
4. Mobile Data: Internet access via cellular networks (3G, 4G, 5G).
5. Satellite Internet: Used in remote areas where wired connections are unavailable.
Internet Addressing:
 IP Address: A unique numerical label assigned to each device on the internet (e.g.,
192.168.1.1).
 Domain Name System (DNS): Converts domain names (e.g., google.com) into IP
addresses.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL): Specifies the address of a web page (e.g.,
Search Engines: Search engines help users find information on the internet by indexing and
retrieving web pages. Examples include:
1. Google
2. Bing
3. Yahoo
4. DuckDuckGo
5. Baidu
Electronic Mail (Email):
 A method of exchanging digital messages over the internet.
 Requires an email address (e.g., user@example.com).
 Popular email services: Gmail, Yahoo Mail, Outlook.
 Components of an email: Sender, recipient, subject, message body, and attachments.

Unit:5 Recent Trends : Industry 4.0- Meaning , Definition ,Goals and Design
Principles- Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence – Meaning and
Definition - Why?- History – Internet of Things -Applications of IOT – Cyber
Security- Cyber Crime and its Classification
UNIT 5: Recent Trends in Technology
1. Industry 4.0
Meaning & Definition:
 Industry 4.0, which is synonymous with smart manufacturing, is the realization of the
digital transformation of the field, delivering real-time decision making, enhanced
productivity, flexibility and agility to revolutionize the way companies manufacture,
improve and distribute their products.
 Industry 4.0 refers to the fourth industrial revolution, characterized by the integration of
digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) into manufacturing and business operations.
Goals of Industry 4.0:
 Automation & Efficiency: Enhance productivity through smart automation.
 Data-Driven Decision Making: Leverage data analytics for better insights.
 Interconnectivity: Enable seamless communication between machines and humans.
 Customization & Flexibility: Support mass customization of products.
 Sustainability: Reduce environmental impact through optimized processes.
Design Principles of Industry 4.0:
1. Interoperability: Machines, devices, and people communicating via IoT.
2. Virtualization: Creation of digital twins for real-time monitoring.
3. Decentralization: Autonomous decision-making by smart machines.
4. Real-Time Capability: Quick response to system changes.
5. Service Orientation: Everything as a service (XaaS).
6. Modularity: Scalable and flexible production systems.

2. Big Data Analytics & Artificial Intelligence
 Big Data Analytics: The process of analyzing large and complex datasets to uncover
patterns, trends, and insights for decision-making.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines, enabling
them to learn, reason, and make decisions.
Why Big Data & AI?
 Helps organizations make data-driven decisions.
 Enhances customer experience and operational efficiency.
 Automates repetitive tasks, reducing human effort.
 Predicts trends and mitigates risks.
History of AI & Big Data:
 1950s: AI concepts introduced (Alan Turing’s Test).
 1970s-80s: AI winter due to lack of computational power.
 1990s-2000s: Growth of data-driven models and machine learning.
 2010s-Present: AI advancements with deep learning, cloud computing, and big data
analytics.
3. Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT refers to a network of interconnected devices that collect, exchange, and process data using
the internet to perform automated tasks.
Applications of IoT:
 Smart Homes: Automation of lighting, security, and appliances.
 Healthcare: Remote monitoring of patients using IoT devices.
 Smart Cities: Traffic management, waste control, and energy optimization.
 Industrial IoT (IIoT): Predictive maintenance in factories.
 Agriculture: Smart irrigation and crop monitoring.
4. Cybersecurity
Meaning & Importance:
Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and data from digital attacks,
unauthorized access, and damage.

Cyber Crime & Its Classification:
Cybercrimes involve illegal activities carried out using digital devices and networks.
Types of Cyber Crimes:
1. Hacking: Unauthorized access to systems.
2. Phishing: Deceptive emails to steal sensitive information.
3. Identity Theft: Fraudulent use of personal information.
4. Ransomware: Malware that encrypts data for ransom.
5. Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks: Overloading a system to disrupt services.
Cybersecurity Measures:
 Strong passwords & multi-factor authentication.
 Regular software updates and patch management.
 Firewalls and encryption to secure data.
 Employee awareness & cybersecurity training.

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