Computer communication
- 1. TOPIC: COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONNETWORK Name: Sadam Hussain Indhar Reg: #11388 Subject: Circuit Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS S.No Contents Page no. 01 Introduction 2-3 02 History 3-5 03 Computer communication 5-6 04 Types of computer communication: 6-10 05 Computer device 10-15 06 Advancement in computer communication 15 07 Recommendations 15-16 08 Conclusion 17 09 References 18
- 2. INTRODUCTION Computer networking is the practice of interfacing two or more computing devices with each other for the purpose of sharing data. Computer networks are built with a combination of hardware and software. COMPUTER NETWORK: A computer network is a system of interconnected computers and peripheral devices. For example, it may connect computers, printers, scanners and cameras. Using hardware and software, these interconnected computing devices can communicate with each other through defined rules of data communications. In a network, computers can exchange and share information and resources. A computer network may operate on wired connections or wireless connections. When two or more networks are linked or connected and are able to communicate with one another using suitable hardware and software, it is called an internetwork. COMMUNICATIONS: Communications is about the transfer of information from a sender, across a distance, to a receiver. Using electricity, radio waves or light, information and data in the form of codes are transmitted through a physical medium such as wire, cable, or even the atmosphere. Therefore, in order to make communications possible from computers, across telephones and radios and back to computers and other digital devices again, there must be a signal translator,
- 3. which we call – a modem. The modem, which is short for modulator or demodulator, converts digital signals into analog and back again into digital signals for information to move across the telephone line. A communications device, therefore, is any machine that assists data transmission. For example, modems, cables, and ports are all communications devices. Communications software refers to programs that make it possible to transmit data. HISTORY It is hard to imagine, but as recent as 1965, computer scientists were uncertain how best to interconnect even two computers. The notion that within a few decades the challenge would be how to interconnect millions of computers around the globe was too farfetched to even contemplate. Yet by 1988 that is precisely what was happening. The products and protocols through which they communicated would look crude and incomplete by standards of today, but they worked well enough to demonstrate the latent productivity in sharing information electronically between computers and application programs of potentially every kind.Data Communications emerged between 1968 and 1972 after the decision of the Federal Communication Commission in 1968 and is defined by two major technologies and product categories: modems and multiplexers. Networking emerged between 1979 and 1982 when firms introduced local area networks (LANs) and dataPBXs in response to the needs of corporations to interconnect their growing base of computers and peripherals. The need of corporations to interconnect their LANs into wide area networks (WANs) prompted the emergence of Internetworking between 1984 and 1988. While many of us
- 4. work with networks regularly, we may not be familiar with network ins and outs. Computer networks are essentially communications networks that exist to enhance the quantity, quality and speed of communications from one point to another or others. A greater understanding of communications networks -- including a little comparative history -- will increase understanding of modern computer networks and networking basics. In the early days of computer networks, communication between physically separated machines was only possible via expensive, dedicated lines. Engineers at Bell Laboratories came up with a milestone breakthrough in the 1960s -- the modem. Short for modulator this device converts a computer's digital data into analog tones. The sending computer outputs digital information to the modem, the modem encodes it into analog pulses and forwards it to a receiving computer also equipped with a modem. The receiving computer's modem decodes the analog information, converting it back into digital data and passing it to the computer. Thus, computers equipped with modems can communicate over standard telephone lines. This simple invention revolutionized communication networks and computer networking. Since the network of telephone lines could now be used to connect computers, any need to create a new infrastructure of digital lines was eliminated. The modems were relatively inexpensive and, at this point, have become commodities. The stage was set for the rapid expansion of networks consisting
- 5. of geographically diverse computers and computer networks. Everyone could now get in on the act, and they did. The 1970s and 1980s saw the birth and growth of wide and local area networks. Further developments allowed telephone-compatible lines with greater data-carrying capacity to be connected directly to local area networks. This expanded the reach and scope of computer networks. COMPUTER COMMUNICATION Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is defined as any human communication that occurs through the use of two or more electronic devices. While the term has traditionally referred to those communications that occur via computer-mediated formats (e.g., instant messaging, email, chat rooms, online forums, social network services), it has also been applied to other forms of text- based interaction such as text messaging.Research on CMC focuses largely on the social effects of different computer- supported communication technologies. Many recent studies involve Internet-based social networking supported by social software. Using a network connection, including connecting to the Internet, computers connect to each other to transmit data between them and communicate with each other using the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).
- 6. Today, computers using the Microsoft Windows OS, Apple OS and Linux OS all use the TCP/IP protocol to connect to other computers on a LAN or WAN. Connecting to a LAN or WAN requires either a wired connection or a wireless connection. A wired connection is usually done using a network cable (Cat5 or Cat6 network cable). A wireless connection (Wi-Fi) is done using a 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n wireless network card. With both connection types, a network router is usually required to connect to other computers. Connecting to the Internet at your home also requires either a cable modem or a DSL modem, depending on which ISP you use.
- 7. TYPES OF COMPUTER COMMUNICATION: There are many methods of communication available to those on modern computers, given a connection to the Internet. Most common is email, short for "electronic mail," but there are also SMS chat, IRC chat, video chat, VoIP phones, social networks, discussion forums and newsgroups. All are ways people communicate with one another using a computer. Email The most common method of communication via the computer is email. Email is simple; you write a letter in a text editor provided by the email service, type in the email address of the recipient and click "Send." The letter is delivered almost instantaneously to the digital mailbox of the recipient, and you have saved the postage you would have had to use to send it via "snail mail." The most popular email providers, according to compete.com, are Yahoo!, Hotmail and Gmail. SMS, IRC and Video Chat SMS (Short Messaging Service) chat is the kind of chat often sent from cellphones. It is also very commonly used in chat software like Instant Messenger, Yahoo Messenger or IRC (Internet Relay Chat) is quite different. You have to use an IRC "client" like MIRC, to access an IRC channel, and what you will find is an IRC channel is much like a chat room. Group chat is the default in IRC, whereas one-to-one conversations dominate SMS. Video chat is a mixture of SMS thinking and VoIP technology. Using software like Skype, or GoogleTalk, you can actually see the person via webcam so you can actually talk face to face. With a good high-speed connection and a quality webcam, video
- 8. chat brings an element of nearness to the traditional phone conversation. VoIP Phones VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) phones are those that utilize the Internet to transmit phone calls. Instead of the traditional phone that plugs into the wall, a VoIP phone plugs into the computer and uses software to use the networks worldwide that we call the "Internet." Because of the cost savings, VoIP has become quite popular. Companies like Vonage, InTalk, MagicJack and NetTalk have all offered VoIP service to residential and business customers for a fraction of the traditional cost, as much as 50 percent lower in some cases, according to ChamberofCommerce.com. A network consists of two or more computers, and typically other devices as well (such as printers and external hard drives), that are linked together so that they can communicate with each other and thereby share files and the devices. Examples of the networks connected by a router can be two LANs (local area networks) or WANs (wide area networks) or a LAN and its ISP's (Internet service provider's) network. A packet is the fundamental unit of information transport in all modern computer networks, and increasingly in other communications networks as well. A packet header is the portion of a data packet that precedes the body (i.e., a portion of the message being transmitted) and which contains source and destination IP addresses as well as control and timing information required for successful transmission.
- 9. Routing, which is the moving of packets across networks using the most appropriate paths, occurs at the network layer of the OSI seven-layer model. This layer, which is the third from the bottom, is also responsible for addressing messages and translating logical addresses (i.e., IP addresses) into physical addresses (i.e., MAC addresses). Routers route messages transmitted only by a routable protocol such as IP (Internet protocol) or IPX (internetwork packet exchange). Some routers support only a single protocol; multiprotocol routers support more than one protocol. Messages sent using non-routable protocols, such as NetBIOS, cannot be routed, but they can be transferred between LANs via bridges. Routers use protocols such as Internet control message protocol (ICMP) to communicate with each other in order to update their routing tables and configure the most efficient routes between any two hosts (i.e., computers on the network). Routing functions were initially performed by general purpose computers, but now they are typically performed by dedicated computers that have been optimized for this purpose. Most Unix-like operating systems include all necessary software to perform routing. Routers can connect networks using different media and architectures. They do not care about the type of data they handle, and they thus perform very little filtering of data, except for broadcasts.
- 10. An edge router is a router that routes data between one or more LANs and the Internet. A core router is a router that transmits data between other routers. A b-router is a single device that serves as both a router and a bridge. It will route some packets based on network layer information and forward other packets based on data link layer (i.e., the layer at which bridges operate) information. COMMUNICATION DEVICE: A communication device is a hardware device capable of transmitting an analog or digital signal over the telephone, other communication wire, or wirelessly. The best example of a communication device is a computer Modem, which is capable of sending and receiving a signal to allow computers to talk to
- 11. other computers over the telephone. Other examples of communication devices include a network interface card (NIC), Wi-Fi devices, and an access point. Below is a picture of some of the different types of Wi-Fi devices that are all examples of a communication device. Communication device errors: Any time a communication device encounters problems communicating with another device you may encounter a communication error. Below is a list of general steps that can be verified when this error is encountered. If your communication device is using a wire, make sure it is firmly connected. Make sure the proper drivers are installed and that no errors or conflicts are occurring with the driver and that the device is being detected. If your communication device requires settings, make sure they're correct. For example, a network card will require the proper IP, DNS, and Subnet settings to establish a connection with the network and be able to find its route to other network devices.
- 12. Communication device examples: Below is a full listing of all the different types of communications devices you may encounter when dealing with a computer. Bluetooth devices Infrared devices Modem (over phone line) Network card (using Ethernet) Smartphone Wi-Fi devices (using a router) Client-server computing: Most computer networks are based around a "client-server" model in which the majority of the computers on the network -- the "clients" -- have their useful capabilities extended via connection to one or more "server" computers that provide them with greater functionality. Typically a server on a local area network (LAN) may provide its clients with additional services such as private and/or sharable storage space, access to software applications that run across the network, access to shared peripherals (most commonly printers), and access to wider networks (most notably the Internet). It is important to realize that the term "client-server" refers purely to the relationship between two computers on a network, and not necessarily to their hardware specification. Most network servers are fairly big, powerful computers with large storage capacities. However, this need not be the case, and indeed when first establishing many home or even small
- 13. business networks it is not uncommon for older and less powerful personal computers to be pressed into service as servers. Network clients are often categorized as being either "thick" or "thin". A thick client refers to a computer -- such as a typical modern PC -- that has significant functionality (such as the ability to run complex software applications) even when not connected to the network. In contrast a thin client refers to a networked computing device than can perform little or no useful independent action without network connectivity. A thin client may, for example, be a computer which only ever runs software as a service applications accessed over the Internet. Whilst client-server networks are the most common, it is perfectly possible to have a network with no server computer. Such usually small networks are described as "peer-to-peer" indicating the equal status of all computers on the network. Peer-to-peer networks most commonly exist for very simple purposes such as to facilitate the sharing of files, a printer or an Internet connection between two or more computers. Two simple network examples: Networking is a complex topic that dominates the computer industry. As an illustrative summary, the following provides two examples of how some basic network hardware could be connected to create two simple networks in a SOHO (small office home office) environment.
- 14. In the first example, four personal computers are connected with Ethernet cables to a network switch that is also connected to a network server. An ADSL modem is also connected to the resultant wired client-server network to facilitate access to the Internet (and as explained in the Internet section), as is a network printer,
- 15. In the second example, a wireless ADSL router (wireless access point) is connected wirelessly to two laptops, and also by an Ethernet cable to one desktop computer, hence permitting all three network users broadband Internet access. A NAS drive is additionally connected by an Ethernet cable to this peer-to-peer network to provide network storage. This sort of network is increasingly typical in many homes, with the NAS drive often used to store audio and video files that can then be "streamed" to any connected device. ADVANCEMENT IN COMPUTER COMMUNICATION: Recent developments in computer communications and networks have enabled the deployment of exciting new areas such as Internet of Things and collaborative big data analysis. The design and implementation of energy efficient future generation communication and networking technologies also require the clever research and development of mobile, pervasive, and large-scale computing technologies. Advances in Computer Communications and Networks: from Green, Mobile, Pervasive Networking to Big Data Computing studies and presents recent advances in communication and networking technologies reflecting the state-of-the-art research achievements in novel communication technology and network optimization. Data Center Networks Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Multimedia Networks Internet of Things Wireless Spectrum
- 16. RECOMMENDATIONS Following are the recommendations of computer communication network. History and Challenges of Wireless Communications: Various consumer demands that stimulating many advances in commercial wireless communications technology, particularly cellular and cordless telephones. The portfolio of wireless services now available in the commercial marketplace includes a radio to cellular to satellite communications. Each service offers a unique combination of coverage region, bandwidth, subscriber equipment properties, and connectivity. Standards Development: The DOD should participate in standards-setting activities for wireless communications technologies and systems. With commercial demand for wireless technology growing worldwide and DOD budgets flat or falling, incentives for future commercial-military synergy need to be provided by the military side. Consequently the defense community needs to gain a deep understanding of technology trends so as to obtain advance notice of new concepts and influence the development of cost- effective equipment that meets military needs. Although new technologies can originate in diverse settings that include industry, academia, and nonmilitary government laboratories, the features of available equipment are determined to a large extent in the process of standards setting.
- 17. CONCLUSIONS Computer networking technology has improved the way of communication between people from the same or different organizations they can communicate in a matter of seconds for arranging the work activities. In offices, networked computers are serving as the backbone for the daily communication from top to bottom level of organization. Different types of software can be installed which are useful for transmitting messages and emails at fast speed. Different types of software can be installed which are useful for transmitting messages and emails and video calls at fast speed. And that is all because of computer networking. Their names are given. Data sharing Instant and multiple accesses Video Conferencing Internet Service Broad Casting Cost Effective Remote access Flexible Data transmission Reliable
- 18. REFERENCES Following are the references for the computer communication network. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication www.historyofcomputercommunications.info www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001358.htm