Computer networking
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Shivangi submitted a topic paper on "Computer Networking" for her Computer Science and Engineering department. The 3-page paper discusses the objectives of networking, including enabling communication between applications on different computers and matching application requirements. It also covers the four steps of networking, including interconnecting multiple links, finding and routing data, and matching applications needs. Additionally, it defines key networking concepts like links, nodes, packet and circuit switching, congestion control, the layered Internet protocol stack, and considerations for security in computer networks.
Computer networking
- 1. NAME:-SHIVANGI DEPT:- COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING ROLL NO:- ‘9’ GROUP:- ”X” TOPIC NAME:- “Computer Networking” SUBMITTED TO:-
- 2. Communication between applications on different computers. Must understand application needs/demands. Traffic data rate. Traffic pattern (bursty or constant bit rate). Traffic target (multipoint or single destination, mobile or fixed). Delay sensitivity. Loss sensitivity. What is the Objective of Networking
- 3. Four Steps to Networking Communicating across a link. Connecting together multiple links (internetworking). Finding and routing data to nodes on internetwork. Matching application requirements.
- 4. A First Step Creating a link between nodes. Link: path followed by bits. •Wired or wireless. •Broadcast or point-to-point (or both). Node: any device connected to a link.
- 5. 5 Types of Links Point-to-Point Multiple Access …
- 6. 6 Switched Network What are Switched Networks Switch: moves bits between links Packet switching Circuit switching
- 8. 8 Packet Switching Interleave packets from different sources. Efficient: resources used on demand. Statistical multiplexing General Multiple types of applications. Accommodates bursty traffic. Addition of queues.
- 9. 1-9 Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM FDM frequency time TDM frequency time 4 users Example:
- 10. 10 What if Network is Overloaded Problem: Network Overload Short bursts: buffer What if buffer overflows? Packets dropped Sender adjusts rate until load = resources Called “congestion control” Solution: Buffering and Congestion Control
- 11. 1-11 Why layering Dealing with complex systems: explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex system’s pieces layered reference model for discussion modularization eases maintenance, updating of system change of implementation of layer’s service transparent to rest of system e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of system layering considered harmful
- 12. 1-12 Internet protocol stack application: supporting network applications FTP, SMTP, HTTP transport: process-process data transfer TCP, UDP network: routing of datagrams from source to destination IP, routing protocols link: data transfer between neighboring network elements PPP, Ethernet physical: bits “on the wire” application transport network link physical
- 13. 1-13 Network Security The field of network security is about: how bad guys can attack computer networks how we can defend networks against attacks how to design architectures that are immune to attacks Internet not originally designed with (much) security in mind original vision: “a group of mutually trusting users attached to a transparent network” Internet protocol designers playing “catch-up” Security considerations in all layers!