![Computer worm
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Jump to: navigation, search
Morris Worm source code disk at the Computer History Museum.
Spread of Conficker worm.
A computer worm is a self-replicating malware computer program, which uses a
computer network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computers on the network)
and it may do so without any user intervention. This is due to security shortcomings
on the target computer. Unlike a computer virus, it does not need to attach itself to an
existing program. Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network,
even if only by consuming bandwidth, whereas viruses almost always corrupt or
modify files on a targeted computer.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Payloads
• 2 Worms with good intent
• 3 Protecting against dangerous computer worms
• 4 Mitigation techniques](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/computerworm-110321175513-phpapp02/85/Computer-worm-1-320.jpg)
![• 5 History
• 6 See also
• 7 References
• 8 External links
Payloads
Many worms that have been created are only designed to spread, and don't attempt to
alter the systems they pass through. However, as the Morris worm and Mydoom
showed, even these "payload free" worms can cause major disruption by increasing
network traffic and other unintended effects. A "payload" is code in the worm
designed to do more than spread the worm–it might delete files on a host system (e.g.,
the ExploreZip worm), encrypt files in a cryptoviral extortion attack, or send
documents via e-mail. A very common payload for worms is to install a backdoor in
the infected computer to allow the creation of a "zombie" computer under control of
the worm author. Networks of such machines are often referred to as botnets and are
very commonly used by spam senders for sending junk email or to cloak their
website's address.[1] Spammers are therefore thought to be a source of funding for the
creation of such worms,[2][3] and the worm writers have been caught selling lists of IP
addresses of infected machines.[4] Others try to blackmail companies with threatened
DoS attacks.[5]
Backdoors can be exploited by other malware, including worms. Examples include
Doomjuice, which spreads better using the backdoor opened by Mydoom, and at least
one instance of malware taking advantage of the rootkit and backdoor installed by the
Sony/BMG DRM software utilized by millions of music CDs prior to late 2005.[dubious –
discuss]
Worms with good intent
Beginning with the very first research into worms at Xerox PARC, there have been
attempts to create useful worms. The Nachi family of worms, for example, tried to
download and install patches from Microsoft's website to fix vulnerabilities in the
host system–by exploiting those same vulnerabilities. In practice, although this may
have made these systems more secure, it generated considerable network traffic,
rebooted the machine in the course of patching it, and did its work without the consent
of the computer's owner or user.
Some worms, such as XSS worms, have been written for research to determine the
factors of how worms spread, such as social activity and change in user behavior,
while other worms are little more than a prank, such as one that sends the popular
image macro of an owl with the phrase "O RLY?" to a print queue in the infected
computer. Another research proposed what seems to be the first computer worm that
operates on the second layer of the OSI model (Data link Layer), it utilizes topology
information such as Content-addressable memory (CAM) tables and Spanning Tree
information stored in switches to propagate and probe for vulnerable nodes until the
enterprise network is covered.[6]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/computerworm-110321175513-phpapp02/85/Computer-worm-2-320.jpg)
![Most security experts regard all worms as malware, whatever their payload or their
writers' intentions.
Protecting against dangerous computer worms
Worms spread by exploiting vulnerabilities in operating systems. Vendors with
security problems supply regular security updates[7] (see "Patch Tuesday"), and if
these are installed to a machine then the majority of worms are unable to spread to it.
If a vulnerability is disclosed before the security patch released by the vendor, a Zero-
day attack is possible.
Users need to be wary of opening unexpected email,[8] and should not run attached
files or programs, or visit web sites that are linked to such emails. However, as with
the ILOVEYOU worm, and with the increased growth and efficiency of phishing
attacks, it remains possible to trick the end-user into running a malicious code.
Anti-virus and anti-spyware software are helpful, but must be kept up-to-date with
new pattern files at least every few days. The use of a firewall is also recommended.
In the April–June, 2008, issue of IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure
Computing, computer scientists describe a potential new way to combat internet
worms. The researchers discovered how to contain the kind of worm that scans the
Internet randomly, looking for vulnerable hosts to infect. They found that the key is
for software to monitor the number of scans that machines on a network sends out.
When a machine starts sending out too many scans, it is a sign that it has been
infected, allowing administrators to take it off line and check it for viruses.[9][10]
Mitigation techniques
• ACLs in routers and switches
• Packet-filters
• Nullrouting
• TCP Wrapper/libwrap enabled network service daemons
History
The actual term "worm"' was first used in John Brunner's 1975 novel, The Shockwave
Rider. In that novel, Nichlas Haflinger designs and sets off a data-gathering worm in
an act of revenge against the powerful men who run a national electronic information
web that induces mass conformity. "You have the biggest-ever worm loose in the net,
and it automatically sabotages any attempt to monitor it... There's never been a worm
with that tough a head or that long a tail!"[11]
On November 2, 1988, Robert Tappan Morris, a Cornell University computer science
graduate student, unleashed what became known as the Morris worm, disrupting
perhaps 10% of the computers then on the Internet[12][13] and prompting the formation
of the CERT Coordination Center[14] and Phage mailing list.[15] Morris himself became
the first person tried and convicted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.[16]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/computerworm-110321175513-phpapp02/85/Computer-worm-3-320.jpg)
Computer worm
- 1. Computer worm From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Morris Worm source code disk at the Computer History Museum. Spread of Conficker worm. A computer worm is a self-replicating malware computer program, which uses a computer network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computers on the network) and it may do so without any user intervention. This is due to security shortcomings on the target computer. Unlike a computer virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network, even if only by consuming bandwidth, whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer. Contents [hide] • 1 Payloads • 2 Worms with good intent • 3 Protecting against dangerous computer worms • 4 Mitigation techniques
- 2. • 5 History • 6 See also • 7 References • 8 External links Payloads Many worms that have been created are only designed to spread, and don't attempt to alter the systems they pass through. However, as the Morris worm and Mydoom showed, even these "payload free" worms can cause major disruption by increasing network traffic and other unintended effects. A "payload" is code in the worm designed to do more than spread the worm–it might delete files on a host system (e.g., the ExploreZip worm), encrypt files in a cryptoviral extortion attack, or send documents via e-mail. A very common payload for worms is to install a backdoor in the infected computer to allow the creation of a "zombie" computer under control of the worm author. Networks of such machines are often referred to as botnets and are very commonly used by spam senders for sending junk email or to cloak their website's address.[1] Spammers are therefore thought to be a source of funding for the creation of such worms,[2][3] and the worm writers have been caught selling lists of IP addresses of infected machines.[4] Others try to blackmail companies with threatened DoS attacks.[5] Backdoors can be exploited by other malware, including worms. Examples include Doomjuice, which spreads better using the backdoor opened by Mydoom, and at least one instance of malware taking advantage of the rootkit and backdoor installed by the Sony/BMG DRM software utilized by millions of music CDs prior to late 2005.[dubious – discuss] Worms with good intent Beginning with the very first research into worms at Xerox PARC, there have been attempts to create useful worms. The Nachi family of worms, for example, tried to download and install patches from Microsoft's website to fix vulnerabilities in the host system–by exploiting those same vulnerabilities. In practice, although this may have made these systems more secure, it generated considerable network traffic, rebooted the machine in the course of patching it, and did its work without the consent of the computer's owner or user. Some worms, such as XSS worms, have been written for research to determine the factors of how worms spread, such as social activity and change in user behavior, while other worms are little more than a prank, such as one that sends the popular image macro of an owl with the phrase "O RLY?" to a print queue in the infected computer. Another research proposed what seems to be the first computer worm that operates on the second layer of the OSI model (Data link Layer), it utilizes topology information such as Content-addressable memory (CAM) tables and Spanning Tree information stored in switches to propagate and probe for vulnerable nodes until the enterprise network is covered.[6]
- 3. Most security experts regard all worms as malware, whatever their payload or their writers' intentions. Protecting against dangerous computer worms Worms spread by exploiting vulnerabilities in operating systems. Vendors with security problems supply regular security updates[7] (see "Patch Tuesday"), and if these are installed to a machine then the majority of worms are unable to spread to it. If a vulnerability is disclosed before the security patch released by the vendor, a Zero- day attack is possible. Users need to be wary of opening unexpected email,[8] and should not run attached files or programs, or visit web sites that are linked to such emails. However, as with the ILOVEYOU worm, and with the increased growth and efficiency of phishing attacks, it remains possible to trick the end-user into running a malicious code. Anti-virus and anti-spyware software are helpful, but must be kept up-to-date with new pattern files at least every few days. The use of a firewall is also recommended. In the April–June, 2008, issue of IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, computer scientists describe a potential new way to combat internet worms. The researchers discovered how to contain the kind of worm that scans the Internet randomly, looking for vulnerable hosts to infect. They found that the key is for software to monitor the number of scans that machines on a network sends out. When a machine starts sending out too many scans, it is a sign that it has been infected, allowing administrators to take it off line and check it for viruses.[9][10] Mitigation techniques • ACLs in routers and switches • Packet-filters • Nullrouting • TCP Wrapper/libwrap enabled network service daemons History The actual term "worm"' was first used in John Brunner's 1975 novel, The Shockwave Rider. In that novel, Nichlas Haflinger designs and sets off a data-gathering worm in an act of revenge against the powerful men who run a national electronic information web that induces mass conformity. "You have the biggest-ever worm loose in the net, and it automatically sabotages any attempt to monitor it... There's never been a worm with that tough a head or that long a tail!"[11] On November 2, 1988, Robert Tappan Morris, a Cornell University computer science graduate student, unleashed what became known as the Morris worm, disrupting perhaps 10% of the computers then on the Internet[12][13] and prompting the formation of the CERT Coordination Center[14] and Phage mailing list.[15] Morris himself became the first person tried and convicted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.[16]