Computing Notes Chapter 1 Zimsec Zimbabwe Alpro Cambridge
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The document outlines key concepts of database systems, including their purpose, components, and user interactions. It discusses the limitations of traditional file systems, introduces database management systems (DBMS), and describes various data models, schemas, and languages for data manipulation. Additionally, it addresses transaction management and storage management, emphasizing the structured architecture used in database applications.
Computing Notes Chapter 1 Zimsec Zimbabwe Alpro Cambridge
- 1. 1 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.1Database System Concepts Chapter 1: IntroductionChapter 1: Introduction I Purpose of Database Systems I View of Data I Data Models I Data Definition Language I Data Manipulation Language I Transaction Management I Storage Management I Database Administrator I Database Users I Overall System Structure ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.2Database System Concepts Database Management System (DBMS)Database Management System (DBMS) I Collection of interrelated data I Set of programs to access the data I DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise I DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use. I Database Applications: # Banking: all transactions # Airlines: reservations, schedules # Universities: registration, grades # Sales: customers, products, purchases # Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain # Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions I Databases touch all aspects of our lives
- 2. 2 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.3Database System Concepts Purpose of Database SystemPurpose of Database System I In the early days, database applications were built on top of file systems I Drawbacks of using file systems to store data: # Data redundancy and inconsistency ✔ Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files # Difficulty in accessing data ✔ Need to write a new program to carry out each new task # Data isolation — multiple files and formats # Integrity problems ✔ Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become part of program code ✔ Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.4Database System Concepts Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.)Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.) I Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.) # Atomicity of updates ✔ Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out ✔ E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all # Concurrent access by multiple users ✔ Concurrent accessed needed for performance ✔ Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies – E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time # Security problems I Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems
- 3. 3 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.5Database System Concepts Levels of AbstractionLevels of Abstraction I Physical level describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored. I Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data. type customer = record name : string; street : string; city : integer; end; I View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide information (e.g., salary) for security purposes. ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.6Database System Concepts View of DataView of Data An architecture for a database system
- 4. 4 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.7Database System Concepts Instances and SchemasInstances and Schemas I Similar to types and variables in programming languages I Schema – the logical structure of the database # e.g., the database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts and the relationship between them) # Analogous to type information of a variable in a program # Physical schema: database design at the physical level # Logical schema: database design at the logical level I Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time # Analogous to the value of a variable I Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical schema without changing the logical schema # Applications depend on the logical schema # In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others. ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.8Database System Concepts Data ModelsData Models I A collection of tools for describing # data # data relationships # data semantics # data constraints I Entity-Relationship model I Relational model I Other models: # object-oriented model # semi-structured data models # Older models: network model and hierarchical model
- 5. 5 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.9Database System Concepts Entity-Relationship ModelEntity-Relationship Model Example of schema in the entity-relationship model ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.10Database System Concepts Entity Relationship Model (Cont.)Entity Relationship Model (Cont.) I E-R model of real world # Entities (objects) ✔ E.g. customers, accounts, bank branch # Relationships between entities ✔ E.g. Account A-101 is held by customer Johnson ✔ Relationship set depositor associates customers with accounts I Widely used for database design # Database design in E-R model usually converted to design in the relational model (coming up next) which is used for storage and processing
- 6. 6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.11Database System Concepts Relational ModelRelational Model I Example of tabular data in the relational model customer- name Customer- id customer- street customer- city account- number Johnson Smith Johnson Jones Smith 192-83-7465 019-28-3746 192-83-7465 321-12-3123 019-28-3746 Alma North Alma Main North Palo Alto Rye Palo Alto Harrison Rye A-101 A-215 A-201 A-217 A-201 Attributes ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.12Database System Concepts A Sample Relational DatabaseA Sample Relational Database
- 7. 7 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.13Database System Concepts Data Definition Language (DDL)Data Definition Language (DDL) I Specification notation for defining the database schema # E.g. create table account ( account-number char(10), balance integer) I DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data dictionary I Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data about data) # database schema # Data storage and definition language ✔ language in which the storage structure and access methods used by the database system are specified ✔ Usually an extension of the data definition language ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.14Database System Concepts Data Manipulation Language (DML)Data Manipulation Language (DML) I Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the appropriate data model # DML also known as query language I Two classes of languages # Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to get those data # Nonprocedural – user specifies what data is required without specifying how to get those data I SQL is the most widely used query language
- 8. 8 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.15Database System Concepts SQLSQL I SQL: widely used non-procedural language # E.g. find the name of the customer with customer-id 192-83-7465 select customer.customer-name from customer where customer.customer-id = ‘192-83-7465’ # E.g. find the balances of all accounts held by the customer with customer-id 192-83-7465 select account.balance from depositor, account where depositor.customer-id = ‘192-83-7465’ and depositor.account-number = account.account-number I Application programs generally access databases through one of # Language extensions to allow embedded SQL # Application program interface (e.g. ODBC/JDBC) which allow SQL queries to be sent to a database ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.16Database System Concepts Database UsersDatabase Users I Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the system I Application programmers – interact with system through DML calls I Sophisticated users – form requests in a database query language I Specialized users – write specialized database applications that do not fit into the traditional data processing framework I Naïve users – invoke one of the permanent application programs that have been written previously # E.g. people accessing database over the web, bank tellers, clerical staff
- 9. 9 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.17Database System Concepts Database AdministratorDatabase Administrator I Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the database administrator has a good understanding of the enterprise’s information resources and needs. I Database administrator's duties include: # Schema definition # Storage structure and access method definition # Schema and physical organization modification # Granting user authority to access the database # Specifying integrity constraints # Acting as liaison with users # Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.18Database System Concepts Transaction ManagementTransaction Management I A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single logical function in a database application I Transaction-management component ensures that the database remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures (e.g., power failures and operating system crashes) and transaction failures. I Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among the concurrent transactions, to ensure the consistency of the database.
- 10. 10 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.19Database System Concepts Storage ManagementStorage Management I Storage manager is a program module that provides the interface between the low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system. I The storage manager is responsible to the following tasks: # interaction with the file manager # efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.20Database System Concepts Overall System StructureOverall System Structure
- 11. 11 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan1.21Database System Concepts Application ArchitecturesApplication Architectures §Two-tier architecture: E.g. client programs using ODBC/JDBC to communicate with a database §Three-tier architecture: E.g. web-based applications, and applications built using “middleware”