Concrete and its types and properties and admixtures used in concrete
- 2. “CONCRETE” PRESENTED TO: SIR SOHAIL MUSTAFA
- 3. Presented By: Zeeshan Afzal
- 4. Outline 1. Introduction. 2. Ingredients. 3.Manufacturing. 4. Classification On Installation Bases. 5.Terminologies.
- 5. Outline 6.Admixtures And Their Types. 7.Types Of Concrete. 8.Properties Of Concrete. 9.Uses Of Concrete.
- 6. Objective 1. To know more about “concrete”. 2. How you can prevent corrosion? 3. How you can give strength to your structure using concrete? 4. What kind of admixtures you can use to get the required result? 5. What are the terminologies that are associated with concrete? 6. What are the tests that can be performed to check the quality?
- 8. Who Invented The Concrete ? • Concrete is derived from a Latin word “concretus” which means “compact”. • To create this structure, between 1756 and 1759, British engineer John Smeaton pioneered the use of hydraulic lime cement was patented by Joseph Aspdin on 1824. Reinforced concrete was invented in 1849 by Joseph Moniere in concrete, using pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate. A method for producing Portland.
- 9. “Concrete” A “composite material” that consists essentially of a binding medium, such as a mixture of Portland cement and water, within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate, usually a combination of fine and coarse aggregate. Concrete is by far the most versatile and most widely used construction material worldwide.
- 10. “Composite Material” • A composite material is a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties, that when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components.
- 11. Why Concrete Is A Composite Material? Concrete is made from small stones and gravel called aggregate, sharp sand, cement and water. The small stone and gravel (aggregate) is the reinforcement and the cement is the matrix that binds it together.
- 12. Material In Concrete • There are three main materials that combine together to form concrete. 1.1 Cement. 1.2 Aggregate. 1.3 Sand.
- 13. 1.1 Cement • In concrete, the most commonly used is • Portland cement, a hydraulic cement which • sets and hardens by chemical reaction with • water and is capable of doing so under water. • Cement is the “glue” that binds the • concrete ingredients together & instrumental • for the strength of the composite
- 14. 1.2 Aggregate • The Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or in iron-blast furnace slag. The aggregate constitutes typically 75% of the concrete volume, or more, and therefore its properties largely determine the properties of the concrete.
- 15. 1.3 Sand • To make the concrete stronger, add more cement or less sand. The closer you bring the ratio to an even one-to-one of sand to cement, the stronger the rating becomes. This principles works in the opposite direction as well.
- 16. (2) INGREDIENTS
- 17. INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE • Concrete is made up of three basic components: • 2.1 Water. • 2.2 Aggregate (rock, sand, or gravel). • 2.3 Portland cement. • Cement, usually in powder form, acts as a binding agent when mixed with water and aggregates.
- 18. PROPORTION OF INGREDIENTS • A mix is about 10 to 15 percent cement, 60 to 75 percent aggregate and 15 to 20 percent water. Entrained air in many concrete mixes may also take up another 5 to 8 percent.
- 19. (3) HOW CONCRETE IS MADE ?
- 21. (4) CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE ON BASIS OF INSTALLATION METHOD
- 22. (4) TYPES 4.1 Ready-Mix Concrete. 4.2 Reinforced Concrete. 4.3 Fresh Concrete. 4.4 Pre-cast Concrete. 4.5 Shrink-Mix Concrete.
- 23. (4.1) Ready/Pre Mix Concrete • Concrete that is batched and mixed in a plant and than transported by truck in its fresh, or plastic, state to the construction site for final placement is called ready/pre mix concrete.
- 24. Ready Mix Concrete Plant
- 25. (4.2) Reinforced Concrete • Concrete reinforced with steel or high strength material is known as reinforced concrete.
- 26. (4.3) Fresh Concrete • The material obtained immediately upon mixing of various concrete ingredients is called fresh concrete.
- 27. Fresh Concrete
- 28. (4.4) Pre-cast Concrete • Pre-cast concrete refer to any structure or component that is produced at one site, typically in a pre-casting plant, and then transported in its hardened state to its final destination is known as pre-cast concrete.
- 29. (4.5) Shrink-Mix Concrete. • Concrete that is partially mixed in a plant mixer and then discharged into the drum of the truck mixer for completion of the mixing is called shrink mixed concrete.
- 31. Terminologies Associated With Concrete 5.1 Portland Cement. 5.2 Corrosion. 5.3 Pigments. 5.4 Cement Paste 5.5 Mortar.
- 32. Cont… 5.6 Creep. 5.7 Shrinkage. 5.8 Hydration.
- 33. (5.1) Portland Cement • Cement manufactured from chalk and clay which hardens under water and when hard resembles Portland stone in colour.
- 34. (5.2) Corrosion • It is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical reaction with their environment.
- 35. (5.3) Pigments • The natural colouring matter of animal or plant tissue. 1. Titanium White 2. Ultra White. 3. Cool Grey. 4. Warm Grey. 5. Curry. 6. Sesame. 7. Redwood.
- 36. (5.4) Cement Paste • A mixture of cement and water is called cement paste.
- 37. (5.5) Mortar • Cement paste + Fine aggregate is called mortar or concrete matrix.
- 38. (5.6) Creep • Creep is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence of mechanical stresses.
- 39. (5.7) Shrinkage • Contracting of harden concrete mixture due to the lose of capillary water and it causes an increase of tensile stress which may lead to cracking, internal wrapping and external deflection.
- 40. (5.8) Hydration • Addition of water.
- 41. (6) ADMIXTURES
- 42. (6.1) Admixtures • The action of adding an ingredient to Something else.
- 43. (6.1.1) Chemical Admixtures 6.1.1.1 Air Entraining Admixtures. 6.1.1.2 Water Reducing Admixtures. 6.1.1.3 Retarding Admixtures. 6.1.1.4 Accelerating Admixtures. 6.1.1.5 Colour Pigments.
- 44. 6.1.1.1 Air Entraining Admixtures • Air entraining agents are chemicals that are added to concrete to improve freeze and thaw resistance.
- 45. 6.1.1.2 Water Reducing Admixtures • Water Reducing Admixtures, is also known as super-per- plasticizers, are chemicals that lower the viscosity of concrete in liquid state.
- 46. CONT…..
- 47. 6.1.1.3 Retarding Admixtures • It delay the setting time, which may be necessary in situation where delay is the placement of concrete can be expected.
- 48. 6.1.1.4 Accelerating Admixtures • Accelerating admixtures can be used to increase the rate of stiffening or setting of the concrete.
- 49. 6.1.1.5 Colour Pigments • It is powder or in liquid form may be added to the concrete mix to produce colour concrete.
- 50. 6.1.2 Mineral Admixtures 6.1.2.1 Pozzollanic. 6.1.2.2 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS). 6.1.2.3 Silica Fume.
- 51. 6.1.2.1 Pozzolan • A pozzolan is a material which, when combined with lime, exhibits cementations properties. Pozzolans are commonly used as an addition (the technical term is "cement extender") to Portland cement concrete mixtures to increase the long-term strength and other material properties of Portland cement concrete and in some cases reduce the material cost of concrete.
- 52. 6.1.2.2 Ground Granulated Blast-furnance Slag • Ground granulated blast-furnace slag is the granular material formed when molten iron blast furnace slag (a by- product of iron and steel making) is rapidly chilled (quenched) by immersion in • (Blast-Furnace Slag: A by-product of steel manufacture which is sometimes used as a substitute for Portland cement. In steel industry when iron ore is molted, then in the molted state all the impurities come at its surface which are removed called slag. It consists mainly of the silicates and alumino silicates of calcium, which are formed in the blast furnace in molten form simultaneously with the metallic iron. Blast furnace slag is blended with Portland cement clinker to form PORTLAND BLASTFURNACE SLAG CEMENT). GGBFS is used to make durable
- 53. 6.1.2.2 Ground Granulated Blast-furnance Slag
- 54. CONT… • Strength • Concrete containing GGBFS cement has a higher ultimate strength than concrete made with Portland cement. it has higher proportion of calcium silicate hydrate than concrete made with portland cement
- 55. COLD JOINTS • Often to mistakes in structural ,cracking in building.
- 56. 6.1.2.3 Silica Fume • By-product of semiconductor industry. • The terms condensed silica fume, micro silica, silica fume and volatilized silica are often used to describe the by-products extracted from the exhaust gases of silicon, ferrosilicon and other metal alloy furnaces. However, the terms micro silica and silica fume are used to describe those condensed silica fumes that are of high quality, for use in the cement and concrete industry.
- 57. 6.1.2.3 Silica Fume • Silica Fume consists of very fine particles with a surface area ranging from 60,000 to 150,000 ft²/lb or 13,000 to 30,000 m²/kg, with particles approximately 100 times smaller than the average cement particle. Because of its extreme fineness and high silica content, Silica Fume is a highly effective pozzolanic . Silica Fume is used in concrete to improve its properties. It has been found that Silica Fume improves compressive strength, bond strength, and abrasion resistance; reduces permeability of concrete to chloride ions; and therefore helps in protecting reinforcing steel from corrosion.
- 59. (7) TYPES OF CONCRETE
- 60. Types Of Concrete • Concrete is an engineered material, with a variety of specialty product design for specific application. 7.1 Light-Weight Concrete. 7.2 Heavy-Weight Concrete. 7.3 Architectural Concrete. 7.4 Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. 7.5 Polymer-Modified Concrete.
- 61. CONT.… 7.6 Roller-Compacted Concrete. 7.7 Ultra-High Strength Concrete. 7.8 Self-Leveling Concrete. 7.9 Green Concrete.
- 62. (7.1) Light-weight Concrete • Lightweight aggregate concrete can be produced using a variety of lightweight aggregates. • two types of light weight concrete (a)Including expanding agent (b)Having low density and thermal conductivity • Construction material • Manufacture from industrial by-products such as fly ash, i.e. Lytag.
- 64. (7.2) Heavy-weight Concrete • Heavyweight concrete uses heavy natural aggregates such as barites or magnetite or manufactured aggregates such as iron or lead shot.
- 65. (7.3) Architectural Concrete • Architectural concrete refers to concrete that while providing an aesthetic finish to the building also serves a structural function. Decorative concrete typically refers to concrete flatwork or building elements such as panels, that while enhanced with texture or color, are not structural building members.
- 66. (7.4) Fiber-reinforced Concrete • Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers.
- 67. (7.5) Polymer-modified Concrete • When certain types of admixtures are blended into Portland cement concrete, the resulting mixes may be called polymer- modified concretes.
- 68. (7.6) Roller-compacted Concrete • Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) or rolled concrete is a special blend of concrete that has essentially the same ingredients as conventional concrete but in different ratios, and increasingly with partial substitution of fly ash for Portland cement.
- 69. (7.7) Ultra-high Strength Concrete • Concrete with compressive strength of 40-85 MPa.
- 70. (7.8) Self-leveling Concrete • Self-leveling concrete is polymer-modified cement that has high flow characteristics and, in contrast to traditional concrete, does not require the addition of excessive amounts of water for placement.
- 71. (7.9) Green Concrete • Concrete which is made from concrete wastes that are eco-friendly are called as “Green concrete”. The other name for green concrete is resource saving structures with reduced environmental impact for e.g. Energy saving ,co2 emissions, waste water.
- 72. (8) PROPERTIES
- 73. (8.1) PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE • Properties of concrete in its fresh state are very important because the influence the quality of the hardened concrete. The fresh concrete has the following procedure. 8.1.1 Consistency 8.1.2 Workability 8.1.3 Settlement & Bleeding 8.1.4 Plastic shrinkage 8.1.5 Loss of consistency
- 74. (8.2) PROPERTIES OF HARDEN CONCRETE • Hardened concrete has a number of properties, including: • 8.2.1 Mechanical Strength. • 8.2.2 Durability. • 8.2.3 Fire resistance. • 8.2.4 Thermal and Acoustic Insulation Properties. • 8.2.5 Impact Resistance.
- 75. (8.3) DURABILITY • Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties. • 8.3.1 Physical Durability
- 76. (8.3.1) PHYSICAL DURABILITY • Physical durability is against the following actions: • 8.3.1.1 Freezing and thawing action:
- 77. CONT… • 8.3.1.2 Percolation / Permeability of water:
- 78. CONT… • 8.3.1.3 Ultraviolet Resistance:
- 79. CONT… • 8.3.1.4 Abrasion: Examples of severe abrasion and erosion are particles in rapidly moving water, floating ice, or areas where steel studs are allowed on tires.
- 80. (8.4) Thermal And Other Properties • The influence of factors such as age, water/cement ratio, temperature and moisture content on specific heat, thermal expansion and diffusivity of cement paste fall in this category.
- 81. (9) USES
- 82. Uses
- 83. Uses • Being one of the most versatile building materials, concrete is used in many forms of construction. 9.1 Reinforced concrete is used to make building columns and decks in high rises 9.2 Concrete is often used in residential driveways, house foundations, walls, paving, curb & gutter applications. 9.3 Precast concrete used to produce a variety of items such as drainage piping. Large warehouses with a large flat floor and wall sections use what is called Tilt-up concrete construction.