Conscious Coupling
- 1. Conscious Coupling Building Software that Lasts Ciaran McNulty at SymfonyLive London
- 2. Me Hi, I'm Ciaran and I'm a PHP developer I am a consultant with Inviqa I maintain PhpSpec
- 3. My early period: Follow the framework!
- 4. SymfonyLive London 2013 Konstantin Kudryashov and Marcello Duarte - The Framework as an Implementation Detail
- 5. SymfonyLive London 2014 Matthias Noback - The Naked Bundle
- 6. My middle period: Decouple all the things!
- 7. Modelling by Example Konstantin Kudryashov (again)
- 8. My current period: Couple some of the things!
- 10. class TaxiDispatcher { function dispatch (Car $car, $destination) { $this->chargeCustomer(); $car->goTo($destination); } }
- 14. Problems with dependencies —Changes to Car mean changes to Dispatcher —Can't reuse Dispatcher with new vehicles
- 15. interface Vehicle { public function goTo($destination); } class TaxiDispatcher { function dispatch (Vehicle $vehicle, $destination) { $this->chargeCustomer(); $vehicle->goTo($destination); } }
- 20. Benefits of abstraction —Now we only need to rewrite Dispatcher and Car when Vehicle changes —Vehicle can be very stable; it's just an interface —Can make new transportation types that implement Vehicle
- 21. Defining abstractions —Start with the use case, not the implementation detail —Contract should be a simple as possible —Contract should focus on responsibilities —Hide details of underlying APIs
- 22. Example - upgrade eligibility Bad abstraction: interface HttpClient { public function getData : array ($url, $parameters); }
- 23. Example - upgrade eligibility Better abstraction: interface UpgradeEligibilityChecker { public function getContractId : int ($phoneNumber); public function isEligibleForUpgrade : bool ($contractId); }
- 24. Example - upgrade eligibility Best abstraction: interface UpgradeEligibilityChecker { public function isEligibleForUpgrade : bool ($phoneNumber); }
- 25. Abstraction via interfaces —You still need to know what methods to call —Caller has to respond to changes in the callee
- 26. Taking it further: Events and Commands
- 27. —Migrate actions from method calls to objects —Depend on a bus rather than depending on contracts —Don't know anything about what handles the action
- 28. Events Direct coupling: $notifier->notifyLawyersAboutPurchase($id, $item, $cost); Event style (symfony/event-dispatcher): $eventDispatcher->dispatch( 'item.purchased', new ItemWasPurchased($id, $item, $cost); );
- 29. Commands Use case / service style: $invoiceApprover->approveInvoice(1234); Command style (thephpleague/tactician): $commandBus->handle( new ApproveInvoice(1234); );
- 30. Advantages of decoupling via abstractions —Cleaner APIs —Swappable components —Separation of concerns —Easier to test —No 'ripple effect' around changes
- 31. Disadvantages of decoupling via abstractions —Makes execution flow harder to follow —Adds more complexity (more files in codebase) —Cognitive cost of thinking of good abstractions
- 33. —Abstractions are going to change when the use cases change —Interfaces are more tightly coupled to code that uses them —Interfaces 'belong' in the same architectural boundary as the code that uses them.
- 36. Frameworks Coupling to other people's code
- 37. Highly coupled frameworks Some frameworks let you go really quickly by coupling directly to them. You probably won't be able to reuse your code without considerable effort. —Drupal —Magento —Wordpress
- 38. More coupled framworks Some frameworks let you go faster when you adopt their conventions. You can reuse your code with a fair amount of additional effort. —Symfony (1) —CakePHP —Laravel
- 39. More decoupled frameworks Some frameworks encourage decoupling so your code is more reusable. You will go a little slower because you need to explicitly configure things —Symfony 2+ —Zend Framework 2+
- 40. Very decoupled frameworks Some frameworks are extremely decoupled so code is almost entirely reusable. You almost have to construct the entire framework yourself from components - this can be hard! —D.I.Y. —Silex —Zend Expressive
- 42. Only decouple where you need to (how do we know where that is?)
- 43. Coupled code get painful when change happens Decoupled code was wasted effort when change doesn't happen
- 44. Where does change come from?
- 45. Where does change come from? People!
- 46. Organizations which design systems ... are constrained to produce designs which are copies of the communication structures of these organizations — Melvin Conway, 1967
- 51. Decouple your system to respond to different streams of change
- 54. Service-orientation —Good abstractions help you define boundaries —Abstractions inside a monolith are easier to move when you get it wrong —Share values, not entities —Don't share persistence
- 56. Context mapping —Identify subdomains —Identify which are: —Core subdomains —Supporting subdomains —Generic subdomains —Mirror the structure in your architecture
- 57. The bad news: You will get it wrong You only find out afterwards
- 58. The good news: It's not just you
- 59. Things to check out —Context Mapping —Hexagonal Architecture —Modelling by Example
- 60. Thank you! —@ciaranmcnulty —Lead Maintainer of PhpSpec —Trainer and Coach at Inviqa Questions?