Consensus statement on concussion in sport

CONSENSUS STATEMENT

Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport
rd
3 International Conference on Concussion in Sport
Held in Zurich, November 2008
Paul McCrory, MBBS, PhD,* Willem Meeuwisse, MD, PhD,† Karen Johnston, MD, PhD,‡
Jiri Dvorak, MD,§ Mark Aubry, MD,k Mick Molloy, MB,¶ and Robert Cantu, MA, MD#

(Clin J Sport Med 2009;19:185–200) encouraged to copy and distribute freely the Zurich Consensus
document and/or the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool
(SCAT2) card, and neither is subject to any copyright
Preamble restriction. The authors request, however, that the document
This paper is a revision and update of the recommen- and/or the SCAT2 card be distributed in their full and complete
dations developed following the 1st (Vienna) and 2nd (Prague) format.
International Symposia on Concussion in Sport.1,2 The Zurich The following focus questions formed the foundation for
Consensus statement is designed to build on the principles the Zurich concussion consensus statement:
outlined in the original Vienna and Prague documents and to
develop further conceptual understanding of this problem Acute Simple Concussion
using a formal consensus-based approach. A detailed de- Which symptom scale and which sideline assessment tool is
scription of the consensus process is outlined at the end of this best for diagnosis and/or follow up?
document under the ‘‘Background’’ section (see Section 11). How extensive should the cognitive assessment be in elite
This document is developed for use by physicians, therapists, athletes?
certified athletic trainers, health professionals, coaches and How extensive should clinical and neuropsychological (NP)
other people involved in the care of injured athletes, whether at testing be at non-elite level?
the recreational, elite or professional level. Who should do/interpret the cognitive assessment?
While agreement exists pertaining to principal messages Is there a gender difference in concussion incidence and
conveyed within this document, the authors acknowledge that outcomes?
the science of concussion is evolving and therefore manage-
ment and return to play decisions remain in the realm of
clinical judgment on an individualized basis. Readers are Return to Play (RTP) Issues
Is provocative exercise testing useful in guiding RTP?
What is the best RTP strategy for elite athletes?
What is the best RTP strategy for non-elite athletes?
Submitted for publication January 14, 2009; accepted March 11, 2009.
From the *Centre for Health, Exercise Sports Medicine, University of
Is protective equipment (eg, mouthguards and helmets)
Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; †Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of useful in reducing concussion incidence and/or severity?
Kinesiology, and Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty
of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; ‡Sport
Concussion Clinic, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Complex Concussion and Long-term Issues
Canada; §FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Center (F-MARC) and Is the Simple versus Complex classification a valid and
Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland; kInternational Ice Hockey useful differentiation?
Federation and Hockey Canada, and Ottawa Sport Medicine Centre,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; {International Rugby Board, Dublin, Ireland;
Are there specific patient populations at risk of long-term
and #Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Sport Medicine, problems?
Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts. Is there a role for additional tests (eg, structural and/or
Consensus panelists (listed in alphabetical order): In addition to the authors functional MR Imaging, balance testing, biomarkers)?
above, the consensus panelists were Steve Broglio, Gavin Davis, Randall Should athletes with persistent symptoms be screened for
Dick, Ruben Echemendia, Gerry Gioia, Kevin Guskiewicz, Stan Herring,
Grant Iverson, Jim Kelly, Jamie Kissick, Michael Makdissi, Michael depression/anxiety?
McCrea, Alain Ptito, Laura Purcell, and Margot Putukian. Also invited but
not in attendance: Roald Bahr, Lars Engebretsen, Peter Hamlyn, Barry
Jordan, and Patrick Schamasch. Paediatric Concussion
Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare. Which symptoms scale is appropriate for this age group?
Reprints: not available. Which tests are useful and how often should baseline testing
Correspondence: Assoc. Prof. Paul McCrory, MBBS, PhD, Centre for Health,
Exercise Sports Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville,
be performed in this age group?
Australia 3010 (e-mail: paulmccr@bigpond.net.au). What is the most appropriate RTP guideline for elite and
Copyright Ó 2009 by Lippincott Williams Wilkins non-elite child and adolescent athletes?

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McCrory et al Clin J Sport Med Volume 19, Number 3, May 2009

Future Directions 2. CONCUSSION EVALUATION
What is the best method of knowledge transfer and
education? 2.1 Symptoms and Signs of Acute Concussion
Is there evidence that new and novel injury prevention The panel agreed that the diagnosis of acute concussion
strategies work (eg, changes to rules of the game, fair play usually involves the assessment of a range of domains
strategies, etc.)? including clinical symptoms, physical signs, behavior,
The Zurich document additionally examines the balance, sleep and cognition. Furthermore, a detailed concus-
management issues raised in the previous Prague and Vienna sion history is an important part of the evaluation both in the
documents and applies the consensus questions to these areas. injured athlete and when conducting a pre-participation
examination. The detailed clinical assessment of concussion
is outlined in the SCAT2 form, which is an appendix to this
SPECIFIC RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND document.
CONSENSUS DISCUSSION The suspected diagnosis of concussion can include one
or more of the following clinical domains:
1. CONCUSSION (a) Symptoms: somatic (eg, headache), cognitive (eg, feeling
like in a fog) and/or emotional symptoms (eg, lability)
1.1 Definition of Concussion (b) Physical signs (eg, loss of consciousness, amnesia)
Panel discussion regarding the definition of concussion (c) Behavioural changes (eg, irritablity)
and its separation from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) (d) Cognitive impairment (eg, slowed reaction times)
was held. Although there was acknowledgement that the (e) Sleep disturbance (eg, drowsiness)
terms refer to different injury constructs and should not be If any one or more of these components is present, a
used interchangeably, it was not felt that the panel would concussion should be suspected and the appropriate manage-
define mTBI for the purpose of this document. There was ment strategy instituted.
unanimous agreement, however, that concussion is defined
as follows:
Concussion is defined as a complex pathophysiological 2.2 On-field or Sideline Evaluation of
process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechan- Acute Concussion
ical forces. Several common features that incorporate clinical, When a player shows ANY features of a concussion:
pathologic and biomechanical injury constructs that may be (a) The player should be medically evaluated onsite using
utilized in defining the nature of a concussive head injury standard emergency management principles, and particular
include: attention should be given to excluding a cervical spine
1. Concussion may be caused either by a direct blow to the injury.
head, face, neck or elsewhere on the body with an (b) The appropriate disposition of the player must be
ÔÔimpulsiveÕÕ force transmitted to the head. determined by the treating healthcare provider in a timely
2. Concussion typically results in the rapid onset of short- manner. If no healthcare provider is available, the player
lived impairment of neurologic function that resolves should be safely removed from practice or play and urgent
spontaneously. referral to a physician arranged.
3. Concussion may result in neuropathological changes, but (c) Once the first aid issues are addressed, then an assessment
the acute clinical symptoms largely reflect a functional of the concussive injury should be made using the SCAT2
disturbance rather than a structural injury. or other similar tool.
4. Concussion results in a graded set of clinical symptoms that (d) The player should not be left alone following the injury,
may or may not involve loss of consciousness. Resolution and serial monitoring for deterioration is essential over the
of the clinical and cognitive symptoms typically follows initial few hours following injury.
a sequential course; however, it is important to note that, in (e) A player with diagnosed concussion should not be allowed
a small percentage of cases, post-concussive symptoms may to return to play on the day of injury. Occasionally, in adult
be prolonged. athletes, there may be return to play on the same day as the
5. No abnormality on standard structural neuroimaging injury. (See section 4.2.)
studies is seen in concussion. It was unanimously agreed that sufficient time for
assessment and adequate facilities should be provided for the
appropriate medical assessment both on and off the field for all
1.2 Classification of Concussion injured athletes. In some sports this may require rule change
There was unanimous agreement to abandon the Simple to allow an off-field medical assessment to occur without
vs. Complex terminology that had been proposed in the Prague affecting the flow of the game or unduly penalizing the injured
agreement statement, as the panel felt that the terminology player’s team.
itself did not fully describe the entities. However, the panel Sideline evaluation of cognitive function is an essential
unanimously retained the concept that the majority (80%- component in the assessment of this injury. Brief neuro-
90%) of concussions resolve in a short (7-10 day) period, psychological test batteries that assess attention and memory
although the recovery time frame may be longer in children function have been shown to be practical and effective. Such
and adolescents.2 tests include the Maddocks questions3,4 and the Standardized

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Clin J Sport Med Volume 19, Number 3, May 2009 Consensus Statement on Concussion

Assessment of Concussion (SAC).5–7 It is worth noting that abnormalities that may be incidentally discovered is not
standard orientation questions (eg, time, place, person) have established at the present time.
been shown to be unreliable in the sporting situation when Other imaging modalities such as fMRI demonstrate
compared with memory assessment.4,8 It is recognized, activation patterns that correlate with symptom severity and
however, that abbreviated testing paradigms are designed for recovery in concussion.9–13 Whilst not part of routine assess-
rapid concussion screening on the sidelines and are not meant ment at the present time, they nevertheless provide additional
to replace comprehensive neuropsychological testing which is insight to pathophysiological mechanisms. Alternative imag-
sensitive to detect subtle deficits that may exist beyond the ing technologies (eg, positron emission tomography, diffusion
acute episode nor should they be used as a stand-alone tool for tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional
the ongoing management of sports concussions. connectivity), while demonstrating some compelling findings,
It should also be recognized that the appearance of are still at early stages of development and cannot be recom-
symptoms might be delayed several hours following a con- mended other than in a research setting.
cussive episode.

2.3 Evaluation in Emergency Room or Office by 3.2 Objective Balance Assessment
Medical Personnel Published studies using both sophisticated force plate
An athlete with concussion may be evaluated in the technology, as well as those using less sophisticated clinical
emergency room or doctor’s office as a point of first contact balance tests (eg, Balance Error Scoring System (BESS)),
following injury or may have been referred from another care have identified postural stability deficits lasting approximately
provider. In addition to the points outlined above, the key 72 hours following sport-related concussion. It appears that
features of this exam should encompass: postural stability testing provides a useful tool for objectively
assessing the motor domain of neurologic functioning and
(a) A medical assessment including a comprehensive history
should be considered a reliable and valid addition to the
and detailed neurological examination including a thor-
assessment of athletes suffering from concussion, particularly
ough assessment of mental status, cognitive functioning
where symptoms or signs indicate a balance component.14–20
and gait and balance.
(b) A determination of the clinical status of the patient
including whether there has been improvement or 3.3 Neuropsychological Assessment
deterioration since the time of injury. This may involve
The application of neuropsychological (NP) testing in
seeking additional information from parents, coaches,
concussion has been shown to be of clinical value and
teammates and eyewitness to the injury.
continues to contribute significant information in concussion
(c) A determination of the need for emergent neuroimaging in
evaluation.21–26 Although in most case cognitive recovery
order to exclude a more severe brain injury involving
largely overlaps with the time course of symptom recovery, it
a structural abnormality.
has been demonstrated that cognitive recovery may occasion-
In large part, these points above are included in the
ally precede or more commonly follow clinical symptom
SCAT2 assessment, which forms part of the Zurich consensus
resolution suggesting that the assessment of cognitive function
statement.
should be an important component in any return to play
protocol.27,28 It must be emphasized, however, that NP assess-
ment should not be the sole basis of management decisions;
3. CONCUSSION INVESTIGATIONS rather, it should be seen as an aid to the clinical decision-
A range of additional investigations may be utilized making process in conjunction with a range of clinical
to assist in the diagnosis and/or exclusion of injury. These domains and investigational results.
include: Neuropsychologists are in the best position to interpret
NP tests by virtue of their background and training. However,
3.1 Neuroimaging there may be situations where neuropsychologists are not
It was recognized by the panelists that conventional available and other medical professionals may perform or
structural neuroimaging is normal in concussive injury. Given interpret NP screening tests. The ultimate return to play
that caveat, the following suggestions are made: Brain CT (or, decision should remain a medical one in which a multidisci-
where available, MR brain scan) contributes little to concussion plinary approach, when possible, has been taken. In the
evaluation but should be employed whenever suspicion of an absence of NP and other (eg, formal balance assessment)
intra-cerebral structural lesion exists. Examples of such testing, a more conservative return to play approach may be
situations may include prolonged disturbance of conscious appropriate.
state, focal neurological deficit or worsening symptoms. In the majority of cases, NP testing will be used to assist
Newer structural MRI modalities including gradient return to play decisions and will not be done until the patient
echo, perfusion and diffusion imaging have greater sensitivity is symptom free.29,30 There may be situations (eg, child and
for structural abnormalities. However, the lack of published adolescent athletes) where testing may be performed early
studies, as well as absent pre-injury neuroimaging data, limits whilst the patient is still symptomatic to assist in determining
the usefulness of this approach in clinical management at the management. This will normally be best determined in
present time. In addition, the predictive value of various MR consultation with a trained neuropsychologist.31,32

q 2009 Lippincott Williams Wilkins www.cjsportmed.com | 187


3.4 Genetic Testing recovery, while symptomatically following an injury, it is
The significance of Apolipoprotein (Apo) E4, ApoE important to emphasize to the athlete that physical AND
promotor gene, Tau polymerase and other genetic markers in cognitive rest is required. Activities that require concentration
the management of sports concussion risk or injury outcome is and attention (eg, scholastic work, videogames, text messaging,
unclear at this time.33,34 Evidence from human and animal etc.) may exacerbate symptoms and possibly delay recovery. In
studies in more severe traumatic brain injury demonstrates such cases, apart from limiting relevant physical and cognitive
induction of a variety of genetic and cytokine factors such as: activities (and other risk-taking opportunities for re-injury),
insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF binding protein-2, while symptomatic, no further intervention is required during
Fibroblast growth factor, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, the period of recovery, and the athlete typically resumes sport
superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1), nerve growth factor, glial without further problem.
fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100. Whether such
factors are affected in sporting concussion is not known at 4.1 Graduated Return to Play Protocol
this stage.35–42 Return to play protocol following a concussion follows
a stepwise process as outlined in Table 1.
3.5 Experimental Concussion With this stepwise progression, the athlete should
Assessment Modalities continue to proceed to the next level if asymptomatic at the
Different electrophysiological recording techniques (eg, current level. Generally, each step should take 24 hours so that
evoked response potential (ERP), cortical magnetic stimula- an athlete would take approximately one week to proceed
tion and electroencephalography) have demonstrated repro- through the full rehabilitation protocol once they are
ducible abnormalities in the post concussive state; however, asymptomatic at rest and with provocative exercise. If any
not all studies reliably differentiated concussed athletes from post-concussion symptoms occur while in the stepwise
controls.43–49 The clinical significance of these changes program, then the patient should drop back to the previous
remains to be established. asymptomatic level and try to progress again after a further
In addition, biochemical serum and cerebral spinal fluid 24-hour period of rest has passed.
markers of brain injury (including S-100, neuron specific
enolase (NSE), myelin basic protein (MBP), GFAP, tau, etc.) 4.2 Same Day RTP
have been proposed as means by which cellular damage may With adult athletes, in some settings, where there are
be detected if present.50–56 There is currently insufficient team physicians experienced in concussion management and
evidence, however, to justify the routine use of these sufficient resources (eg, access to neuropsychologists, con-
biomarkers clinically. sultants, neuroimaging, etc.), as well as access to immediate
(ie, sideline) neuro-cognitive assessment, return to play
management may be more rapid. The RTP strategy must still
4. CONCUSSION MANAGEMENT follow the same basic management principles, namely, full
The cornerstone of concussion management is physical clinical and cognitive recovery before consideration of return
and cognitive rest until symptoms resolve and then a graded to play. This approach is supported by published guidelines,
program of exertion prior to medical clearance and return to such as the American Academy of Neurology, US Team
play. The recovery and outcome of this injury may be modified Physician Consensus Statement, and US National Athletic
by a number of factors that may require more sophisticated Trainers’ Association Position Statement.58–60 This issue was
management strategies. These are outlined in the section on extensively discussed by the consensus panelists, and it was
modifiers below. acknowledged that there is evidence that some professional
As described above, the majority of injuries will recover American football players are able to RTP more quickly, with
spontaneously over several days. In these situations, it is even same day RTP supported by NFL studies without a risk of
expected that an athlete will proceed progressively through recurrence or sequelae.61 There is data, however, demonstrat-
a stepwise return to play strategy.57 During this period of ing that, at the collegiate and high school level, athletes

TABLE 1. Graduated Return to Play Protocol
Rehabilitation Stage Functional Exercise at Each Stage of Rehabilitation Objective of Each Stage
1. No activity Complete physical and cognitive rest Recovery
2. Light aerobic exercise Walking, swimming or stationary cycling keeping Increase HR
intensity ,70% MPHR; no resistance training
3. Sport-specific exercise Skating drills in ice hockey, running drills in soccer; Add movement
no head impact activities
4. Non-contact training drills Progression to more complex training drills, eg, Exercise, coordination, and cognitive load
passing drills in football and ice hockey; may
start progressive resistance training
5. Full contact practice Following medical clearance, participate in normal Restore confidence and assess functional skills
training activities by coaching staff
6. Return to play Normal game play



allowed to RTP on the same day may demonstrate NP deficits protective equipment employed at time of injury be sought,
post-injury that may not be evident on the sidelines and are both for recent and remote injuries. The benefit a comprehen-
more likely to have delayed onset of symptoms.62–68 It should sive pre-participation concussion evaluation allows for
be emphasized, however, that the young (,18) elite athlete modification and optimization of protective behavior and is
should be treated more conservatively even though the an opportunity for education.
resources may be the same as an older professional athlete.
(See section 6.1.)
5. MODIFYING FACTORS IN
4.3 Psychological Management and Mental CONCUSSION MANAGEMENT
Health Issues The consensus panel agreed that a range of ÔmodifyingÕ
In addition, psychological approaches may have factors may influence the investigation and management of
potential application in this injury, particularly with the concussion and in some cases may predict the potential for
modifiers listed below.69,70 Care givers are also encouraged to prolonged or persistent symptoms. These modifiers would also
evaluate the concussed athlete for affective symptoms such as be important to consider in a detailed concussion history and
depression, as these symptoms may be common in concussed are outlined in Table 2.
athletes.57 In this setting, there may be additional management
considerations beyond simple RTP advice. There may be
4.4 The Role of Pharmacological Therapy a more important role for additional investigations including
Pharmacological therapy in sports concussion may be formal NP testing, balance assessment, and neuroimaging. It is
applied in two distinct situations. The first of these situations is envisioned that athletes with such modifying features would
the management of specific prolonged symptoms (eg, sleep be managed in a multidisciplinary manner coordinated by
disturbance, anxiety, etc.). The second situation is where drug a physician with specific expertise in the management of
therapy is used to modify the underlying pathophysiology concussive injury.
of the condition with the aim of shortening the duration of The role of female gender as a possible modifier in the
the concussion symptoms.71 In broad terms, this approach to management of concussion was discussed at length by the
management should be only considered by clinicians expe- panel. There was not unanimous agreement that the current
rienced in concussion management. published research evidence is conclusive that this should be
An important consideration in RTP is that concussed included as a modifying factor, although it was accepted that
athletes should not only be symptom free but also should gender may be a risk factor for injury and/or influence injury
not be taking any pharmacological agents/medications that severity.76–78
may mask or modify the symptoms of concussion. Where
antidepressant therapy may be commenced during the 5.1 The Significance of Loss of
management of a concussion, the decision to return to play Consciousness (LOC)
while still on such medication must be considered carefully In the overall management of moderate to severe
by the treating clinician. traumatic brain injury, duration of LOC is an acknowledged

4.5 The Role of Pre-participation
Concussion Evaluation TABLE 2. Concussion Modifiers
Recognizing the importance of a concussion history, and Factors Modifier
appreciating the fact that many athletes will not recognize all
Symptoms Number
the concussions they may have suffered in the past, a detailed
Duration (.10 days)
concussion history is of value.72–75 Such a history may pre-
Severity
identify athletes that fit into a high risk category and provides
Signs Prolonged LOC (.1 min), amnesia
an opportunity for the healthcare provider to educate the
Sequelae Concussive convulsions
athlete in regard to the significance of concussive injury. A
Temporal Frequency - repeated concussions over time
structured concussion history should include specific ques-
Timing - injuries close together in time
tions as to previous symptoms of a concussion, not just the
‘‘Recency’’ - recent concussion or TBI
perceived number of past concussions. It is also worth noting
Threshold Repeated concussions occurring with
that dependence upon the recall of concussive injuries by progressively less impact force or slower
teammates or coaches has been demonstrated to be unreli- recovery after each successive concussion
able.72 The clinical history should also include information Age Child and adolescent (,18 years old)
about all previous head, face or cervical spine injuries, as these Co- and Pre-morbidities Migraine, depression or other mental health
may also have clinical relevance. It is worth emphasizing that, disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity
in the setting of maxillofacial and cervical spine injuries, co- disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities (LD),
sleep disorders
existent concussive injuries may be missed unless specifically
Medication Psychoactive drugs, anticoagulants
assessed. Questions pertaining to disproportionate impact
Behaviour Dangerous style of play
versus symptom severity matching may alert the clinician to
Sport High-risk activity, contact and collision sport,
a progressively increasing vulnerability to injury. As part high sporting level
of the clinical history it is advised that details regarding



predictor of outcome.79 Whilst published findings in concus- ADHD who may need more sophisticated assessment
sion describe LOC associated with specific early cognitive strategies.31,32,101
deficits, it has not been noted as a measure of injury The panel strongly endorsed the view that children
severity.80,81 Consensus discussion determined that prolonged should not be returned to practice or play until clinically
(.1 minute duration) LOC would be considered as a factor completely symptom free, which may require a longer time
that may modify management. frame than for adults. In addition, the concept of Ôcognitive
restÕ was highlighted with special reference to a child’s need
5.2 The Significance of Amnesia and to limit exertion with activities of daily living and to limit
Other Symptoms scholastic and other cognitive stressors (eg, text messaging,
There is renewed interest in the role of post-traumatic videogames, etc.) while symptomatic. School attendance and
amnesia and its role as a surrogate measure of injury activities may also need to be modified to avoid provocation
severity.67,82,83 Published evidence suggests that the nature, of symptoms.
burden and duration of the clinical post-concussive symptoms Because of the different physiological responses and
may be more important than the presence or duration of longer recovery after concussion and specific risks (eg, diffuse
amnesia alone.80,84,85 Further, it must be noted that retrograde cerebral swelling) related to head impact during childhood and
amnesia varies with the time of measurement post-injury and adolescence, a more conservative return to play approach is
hence is poorly reflective of injury severity.86,87 recommended. It is appropriate to extend the amount of time
of asymptomatic rest and/or the length of the graded exertion
5.3 Motor and Convulsive Phenomena in children and adolescents. It is not appropriate for a child or
A variety of immediate motor phenomena (eg, tonic adolescent athlete with concussion to RTP on the same day as
posturing) or convulsive movements may accompany a con- the injury regardless of the level of athletic performance.
cussion. Although dramatic, these clinical features are Concussion modifiers apply even more to this population than
generally benign and require no specific management beyond adults and may mandate more cautious RTP advice.
the standard treatment of the underlying concussive injury.88,89
6.2 Elite vs. Non-Elite Athletes
5.4 Depression The panel unanimously agreed that all athletes, regard-
Mental health issues (such as depression) have been less of level of participation, should be managed using the
reported as a long-term consequence of traumatic brain injury same treatment and return to play paradigm. A more useful
including sports related concussion. Neuroimaging studies using construct was agreed whereby the available resources and
fMRI suggest that a depressed mood following concussion may expertise in concussion evaluation were of more importance in
reflect an underlying pathophysiological abnormality consistent determining management than a separation between elite and
with a limbic-frontal model of depression.52,90–100 non-elite athlete management. Although formal baseline NP
screening may be beyond the resources of many sports or
individuals, it is recommended that in all organized high-risk
6. SPECIAL POPULATIONS
sports consideration be given to having this cognitive
6.1 The Child and Adolescent Athlete evaluation regardless of the age or level of performance.
There was unanimous agreement by the panel that the
6.3 Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury
evaluation and management recommendations contained
herein could be applied to children and adolescents down to Epidemiological studies have suggested an association
the age of 10 years. Below that age children report concussion between repeated sports concussions during a career and late
symptoms different from adults and would require age- life cognitive impairment. Similarly, case reports have noted
appropriate symptom checklists as a component of assess- anecdotal cases where neuro-pathological evidence of chronic
ment. An additional consideration in assessing the child or traumatic encephalopathy was observed in retired football
adolescent athlete with a concussion is that in the clinical players.108–112 Panel discussion was held, and no consensus
evaluation by the healthcare professional there may be the was reached on the significance of such observations at this
need to include both patient and parent input, as well as teacher stage. Clinicians need to be mindful of the potential for long-
and school input when appropriate.101–107 term problems in the management of all athletes.
The decision to use NP testing is broadly the same as the
adult assessment paradigm. However, timing of testing may 7. INJURY PREVENTION
differ in order to assist planning in school and home
management (and may be performed while the patient is still 7.1 Protective Equipment – Mouthguards
symptomatic). If cognitive testing is performed then it must be and Helmets
developmentally sensitive until late teen years due to the There is no good clinical evidence that currently
ongoing cognitive maturation that occurs during this period available protective equipment will prevent concussion,
which, in turn, makes the utility of comparison to either the although mouthguards have a definite role in preventing
person’s own baseline performance or to population norms dental and oro-facial injury. Biomechanical studies have
limited.20 In this age group it is more important to consider shown a reduction in impact forces to the brain with the use of
the use of trained neuropsychologists to interpret assessment head gear and helmets, but these findings have not been
data, particularly in children with learning disorders and/or translated to show a reduction in concussion incidence. For



skiing and snowboarding, there are a number of studies to managers play an important part in ensuring these values are
suggest that helmets provide protection against head and facial implemented on the field of play.57,136–148
injury and hence should be recommended for participants in
alpine sports.113–116 In specific sports such as cycling, motor 9. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
and equestrian sports, protective helmets may prevent other The consensus panelists recognize that research is
forms of head injury (eg, skull fracture) that are related to needed across a range of areas in order to answer some critical
falling on hard road surfaces, and these may be an important research questions. The key areas for research identified
injury prevention issue for those sports.116–128 include:
Validation of the SCAT2
7.2 Rule Change
Gender effects on injury risk, severity and outcome
Consideration of rule changes to reduce head injury
Paediatric injury and management paradigms
incidence or severity may be appropriate where a clear-cut
Virtual reality tools in the assessment of injury
mechanism is implicated in a particular sport. An example of Rehabilitation strategies (eg, exercise therapy)
this is in football (soccer) where research studies demonstrated
Novel imaging modalities and their role in clinical
that upper limb to head contact in heading contests accounted
assessment
for approximately 50% of concussions.129 As noted earlier, rule Concussion surveillance using consistent definitions and
changes also may be needed in some sports to allow an effective
outcome measures
off-field medical assessment to occur without compromising the
Clinical assessment where no baseline assessment has been
athlete’s welfare, affecting the flow of the game or unduly
performed
penalizing the player’s team. It is important to note that rule ÔBest-practiceÕ neuropsychological testing
enforcement may be a critical aspect of modifying injury risk in
Long-term outcomes
these settings, and referees play an important role in this regard.
On-field injury severity predictors
7.3 Risk Compensation
An important consideration in the use of protective
10. MEDICAL LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
equipment is the concept of risk compensation.130 This is This consensus document reflects the current state of
where the use of protective equipment results in behavioral knowledge and will need to be modified according to the
change such as the adoption of more dangerous playing development of new knowledge. It provides an overview of
techniques, which can result in a paradoxical increase in injury issues that may be of importance to healthcare providers
rates. This may be a particular concern in child and adolescent involved in the management of sports related concussion. It is
athletes where head injury rates are often higher than in adult not intended as a standard of care and should not be interpreted
athletes.131–133 as such. This document is only a guide and is of a general
nature consistent with the reasonable practice of a healthcare
7.4 Aggression vs. Violence in Sport professional. Individual treatment will depend on the facts and
The competitive/aggressive nature of sport which makes circumstances specific to each individual case.
it fun to play and watch should not be discouraged. However, It is intended that this document will be formally
sporting organizations should be encouraged to address reviewed and updated prior to 1 December 2012.
violence that may increase concussion risk.134,135 Fair play
11. STATEMENT ON BACKGROUND TO
and respect should be supported as key elements of sport.
CONSENSUS PROCESS
In November 2001, the 1st International Conference on
8. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER Concussion in Sport was held in Vienna, Austria. This meeting
As the ability to treat or reduce the effects of concussive was organized by the IIHF in partnership with FIFA and the
injury after the event is minimal, education of athletes, Medical Commission of the IOC. As part of the resulting mandate
colleagues and the general public is a mainstay of progress in for the future, the need for leadership and future updates were
this field. Athletes, referees, administrators, parents, coaches identified. The 2nd International Conference on Concussion in
and health care providers must be educated regarding the Sport was organized by the same group with the additional
detection of concussion, its clinical features, assessment involvement of the IRB and was held in Prague, Czech Republic,
techniques and principles of safe return to play. Methods to in November 2004. The original aims of the symposia were to
improve education including web-based resources, educational provide recommendations for the improvement of safety and
videos and international outreach programs are important in health of athletes who suffer concussive injuries in ice hockey,
delivering the message. In addition, concussion working rugby, football (soccer) as well as other sports. To this end, a range
groups, plus the support and endorsement of enlightened sport of experts were invited to both meetings to address specific issues
groups such as Federation Internationale de Football Associ-
´ ´ of epidemiology, basic and clinical science, injury grading
ation (FIFA), International Olympic Commission (IOC), systems, cognitive assessment, new research methods, protective
International Rugby Board (IRB) and International Ice Hockey equipment, management, prevention and long-term outcome.1,2
Federation (IIHF) who initiated this endeavor, have enormous The 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport
value and must be pursued vigorously. Fair play and respect for was held in Zurich, Switzerland, on 29/30 October 2008 and
opponents are ethical values that should be encouraged in all was designed as a formal consensus meeting following
sports and sporting associations. Similarly, coaches, parents and the organizational guidelines set forth by the US National



Institutes of Health. (Details of the consensus methodology 8. McCrea M, Kelly JP, Kluge J, et al. Standardized assessment of
can be obtained at http://consensus.nih.gov/ABOUTCDP. concussion in football players. Neurology. 1997;48:586–588.
9. Chen J, Johnston K, Collie A, et al. A validation of the post concussion
htm.) The basic principles governing the conduct of a con- symptom scale in the assessment of complex concussion using cognitive
sensus development conference are summarized below: testing and functional MRI. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych. 2007;78:1231–
1. A broad based non-government, non-advocacy panel was 1238.
assembled to give balanced, objective and knowledgeable 10. Chen J, Johnston K, Frey S, et al. Functional abnormalities in symptomatic
concussed athletes: an fMRI study. Neuroimage. 2004;22:68–82.
attention to the topic. Panel members excluded anyone with 11. Chen JK, Johnston KM, Collie A, et al. Association between symptom
scientific or commercial conflicts of interest and included severity, cogsport tests results, and functional MRI activation in
researchers in clinical medicine, sports medicine, neuro- symptomatic concussed athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14:379.
science, neuroimaging, athletic training and sports science. 12. Chen JK, Johnston KM, Collie A, et al. Behavioural and functional
2. These experts presented data in a public session, followed imaging outcomes in symptomatic concussed athletes measured with
cogsport and functional MRI. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:659.
by inquiry and discussion. The panel then met in an 13. Ptito A, Chen JK, Johnston KM. Contributions of functional magnetic
executive session to prepare the consensus statement. resonance imaging (fMRI) to sport concussion evaluation. Neuro-
3. A number of specific questions were prepared and posed in Rehabilitation. 2007;22:217–227.
advance to define the scope and guide the direction of the 14. Guskiewicz K. Postural stability assessment following concussion. Clin
conference. The principle task of the panel was to elucidate J Sport Med. 2001;11:182–190.
15. Guskiewicz KM. Assessment of postural stability following sport-related
responses to these questions. These questions are outlined concussion. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2003;2:24–30.
above. 16. Guskiewicz KM, Ross SE, Marshall SW. Postural stability and
4. A systematic literature review was prepared and circulated neuropsychological deficits after concussion in collegiate athletes.
in advance for use by the panel in addressing the conference J Athl Train. 2001;36:263-273.
questions. 17. Cavanaugh JT, Guskiewicz KM, Giuliani C, et al. Detecting altered
postural control after cerebral concussion in athletes with normal
5. The consensus statement is intended to serve as the postural stability. Br Journal Sports Med. 2005;39:805–811.
scientific record of the conference. 18. Cavanaugh JT, Guskiewicz KM, Giuliani C, et al. Recovery of postural
6. The consensus statement will be widely disseminated to control after cerebral concussion: new insights using approximate
achieve maximum impact on both current health care entropy. J Athl Train. 2006;41:305–313.
practice and future medical research. 19. Cavanaugh JT, Guskiewicz KM, Stergiou N. A nonlinear dynamic
approach for evaluating postural control: new directions for the
The panel chairperson (WM) did not identify with any management of sport-related cerebral concussion. Sports Medicine.
advocacy position. The chairperson was responsible for 2005;35:935–950.
directing the consensus session and guiding the panel’s 20. Fox ZG, Mihalik JP, Blackburn JT, et al. Return of postural control to
deliberations. Panelists were drawn from clinical practice, baseline after anaerobic and aerobic exercise protocols. J Athl Train.
academic and research in the field of sports related concussion. 2008;43:456–463.
21. Collie A, Darby D, Maruff P. Computerised cognitive assessment of
They do not represent organisations per se but were athletes with sports related head injury. Br J Sports Med. 2001;35:
selected for their expertise, experience and understanding of 297–302.
this field. 22. Collie A, Maruff P. Computerised neuropsychological testing. Br J
Sports Med. 2003;37:2–3.
23. Collie A, Maruff P, McStephen M, et al. Psychometric issues associated
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Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 2 (SCAT2) Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:556–559.
Pocket SCAT2 24. Collins MW, Grindel SH, Lovell MR, et al. Relationship between
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