Construction_Techniques_Intro_Lecture.pdf
- 2. WHY CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES MATTER Interior designers must understand the structure to design safely and creatively. Knowing building components helps coordinate with architects and engineers. Avoid costly design errors and impro To work well with civil engineers or architects. To avoid mistakes when placing furniture or making changes. To know how the load is distributed in a building.ve function and aesthetics.
- 3. WHAT IS A STRUCTURE? A structure is something that holds a building up. It supports weight like people, furniture, roof, etc. It keeps the building safe and standing strong. Examples: houses, bridges, towers.
- 6. BUILDING COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF BUILT STRUCTURE 1. Foundation Definition: The lowest part of a building that transfers the load to the ground. It provides stability and prevents settlement or collapse. Types: • Shallow foundation: Spread footings, mat foundations. • Deep foundation: Pile, caisson. 2. Plinth • Definition: The part of the building between the foundation and the floor. It raises the structure above ground level to prevent water ingress.
- 7. BUILDING COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF BUILT STRUCTURE 3. Floor • Definition: A flat surface on which people walk. It supports loads like furniture and people. • Types: Ground floor, intermediate floor, mezzanine. 4.Walls • Definition: Vertical components that enclose or divide spaces. Can be load-bearing or non-load-bearing. • Types: • External walls: Provide enclosure and protection. • Internal walls: Divide spaces. • Partition walls: Lightweight, movable sometimes.
- 8. BUILDING COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF BUILT STRUCTURE • 5. Columns • Definition: Vertical structural members that carry compressive loads from beams or slabs to the foundation. • Shape: Circular, square, rectangular. • 6. Beams • Definition: Horizontal structural members that transfer load from slabs to columns. • Function: Resist bending.
- 9. BUILDING COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF BUILT STRUCTURE 7. Slabs • Definition: Flat, horizontal concrete surfaces that form floors and ceilings. • Types: • One-way slab (load transfers in one direction) • Two-way slab (load distributes in two directions) • 8. Doors • Definition: Openable barriers for entry/exit in walls.Allow access, privacy, and ventilation. • Parts: Shutter, frame, hinges, latch.
- 10. BUILDING COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF BUILT STRUCTURE • 9.Windows • Definition: Openings in walls for light and air. • Types: Sliding, casement, louvered, fixed • 10. Roof • Definition: The topmost covering of a building, protecting against sun, rain, and wind. • Types: Flat roof, pitched roof, dome roof.
- 11. BUILDING COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF BUILT STRUCTURE 11. Staircase • Definition: A vertical circulation element connecting different floors. • Components: Tread, riser, flight, landing, handrail. 12. Lintel • Definition: A horizontal beam placed above doors and windows to support the wall above the opening. 13. Parapet • Definition: A low wall at the edge of a roof, balcony, or terrace, for safety and decoration.
- 12. BUILDING COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF BUILT STRUCTURE 14. Cladding • Definition: An exterior covering used for aesthetics and protection from weather. • Materials: Glass, metal panels, stone, wood.
- 13. BUILDING COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF BUILT STRUCTURE • Major Building Services: Building Services—crucial for functionality, safety, and comfort.These are often not visible in a structural diagram but are integrated throughout the building 1. Plumbing Services • Definition: Systems for water supply and drainage. • Includes: Piping, fixtures (toilets, sinks), sewage lines, stormwater drainage. 2. Electrical Services • Definition: Distribution of power, lighting, and outlets. • Includes: Switchboards, wiring, light fixtures, backup power (generators, UPS). 3. HVAC (Heating,Ventilation,and Air Conditioning) • Definition: Controls indoor climate, air flow, and temperature. • Includes: Ductwork, air handling units (AHUs), fans,ACs, chillers.
- 14. BUILDING COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF BUILT STRUCTURE 4. Fire Safety Systems • Definition: Protects building from fire hazards. • Includes: Fire alarms, smoke detectors, sprinklers, fire extinguishers, fire escape plans. 5. Elevators and Escalators • Definition: Vertical transportation in multi-storey buildings. • Includes: Lifts, dumbwaiters, escalators (in malls/stations). 6. Security Systems • CCTV, access control, biometric systems, burglar alarms. 7.Telecommunication & Networking • Internet cabling, intercoms, public address (PA) systems, LAN setups. 8. Gas Supply System • For kitchens, labs, industrial use – must follow safety codes. 9.Waste Management • Garbage chutes, segregation units, compost pits.
- 15. WHAT MAKES A BUILDING STAND? Can a house be built without walls? Do walls carry the whole weight of a building? What happens if we remove a wall from a house? Are all walls the same — or are some stronger than others? Who decides where the weight goes in a building?
- 16. TYPES OF STRUCTURE? A village house → Load- bearing structure A glass office → Framed structure A bungalow with concrete columns → Composite structure
- 17. TYPES OF STRUCTURES 1. Load-Bearing Structure • The walls bear the load of the entire structure. Common in older buildings and small residential houses. • No frame is required; the walls themselves support floors and roof. • Limitations: Less flexibility in changing wall positions. 2. Framed Structure Skeleton of beams and columns carries the load. External walls are just curtain walls – they don’t carry any load. Allows for more design freedom and open interiors. Used in high-rise buildings, offices, malls.
- 18. TYPES OF STRUCTURES 3. Shell Structure • The shape of the structure, which is similar to an eggshell or empty shell, is known as its “shell”.A slender and curving covering that functions as the primary load-bearing component and the structure that surrounds it defines a particular kind of framework known as shell architecture. • Curved forms like domes or shells distribute load evenly through surface. • Used in stadiums, auditoriums, or aircraft hangars. • Lightweight but strong. • Advantages • According to designers, Because of their curved design, which transmits loads equally throughout the outermost layer, shell constructions are inherently sturdy. Shell-like structures are lighter and use fewer resources than other kinds of structures because of their thin exterior walls and curved form. • They are often architecturally beautiful and can improve a structure as well as the framework’s overall look. By permitting ventilation from the outdoors as well as day illumination,the curving design of shell structures can aid in the reduction of the consumption of energy. • Disadvantages • When compared to other types of buildings, shell buildings require specialized construction methods that might be more challenging and costly.They can be challenging to modify or change after installation since they are less adaptable than various kinds of structures. Moreover,these buildings are susceptible to harm from earthquakes, winds, and various other calamities. Despite having a low cost of materials, shell-like structures can be more costly than various kinds of such buildings due to their intricate design.
- 19. TYPES OF STRUCTURES Examples of Shell Structures Heydar Aliyev Centre, Baku, Azerbaijan The Lotus Temple in Delhi, India
- 20. TYPES OF STRUCTURES 4.Truss Structure Framework made of triangular units. Provides strength with less material. Common in bridges, roofs, towers.
- 22. MAIN BUILDING COMPONENTS • Foundation and Footing • Columns and Beams • Lintel and Slab • Structural Walls vs Partition Walls • Roof, Staircase, Openings (Doors,Windows,Vents)
- 23. BRICKS – A QUICK INTRODUCTION • Bricks are common building blocks made of clay, concrete, etc. • Standard size, strength, and role in wall construction. • Types: Clay Bricks, FlyAsh Bricks, Concrete Blocks • Special Bricks: Hollow, Perforated, Molded Bricks