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- 1. ACTA Acta Stomatol Croat. 2008;42(1):11-18. STOMATOLOGICA CROATICA www.ascro.hr IZVORNI ZNANSTVENI RAD ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER Ivana Čuković Bagić1, Nina Sever2, Hrvoje Brkić3, Josipa Kern4 Određivanje dentalne dobi očitavanjem sa ortopantomograma Dental Age Estimation in Children Using Orthopantomograms 1 Zavod za dječju stomatologiju Stomatološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Department of Pedodontics, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine 2 Dom zdravlja Zapad - Zagreb Healt Care Clinic West, Zagreb Department of Pedodontics, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine Zavod za dentalnu antropologiju Stomatološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Department of Dental Anthropology, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine 4 Zavod za medicinsku statistiku, epidemiologiju i medicinsku informatiku Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics University of Zagreb Medical School Sažetak Zaprimljen: 8. veljače 2008. Razvojne faze zubi koriste se za određivanje zrelosti i procjenu dobi u brojnim disci- Prihvaćen: 3. ožujka 2008. plinama; poput dječje i preventivne stomatologije, ortodoncije, forenzične stomatolo- gije, i dr. Cilj: Točnost različitih metoda nije dosad sistematično proučena u hrvatskoj Adresa za dopisivanje populaciji pa je cilj ovog istraživanja bio odrediti točnost dvije metode; prema Demir- Prof.dr.sc. Ivana Čuković Bagić jian-u i Haavikko. Materijal i metode: Razvojne faze zuba promatrale su se na orto- Sveučilište u Zagrebu pantomogramima (OPG) zdrave djece, pacijenata Stomatološkog fakulteta, Sveučili- Stomatološki fakultet šta u Zagrebu. Uzorak se sastojao od 324 ortopantomograma djece u dobi od 6-16 Zavod za dječju stomatologiju godina (149 dječaka i 175 djevojčica). Na OPG-ovima je promatrano sedam mandibu- Gundulićeva 5, HR-10 000 Zagreb larnih zuba i određen im je stadij po skalama zrelosti zuba prema Demirjian-u i Haa- Tel. 4802 216 vikko. U obradi podataka primijenjena je deskriptivna statistika, korelacijska analiza bagic@sfzg.hr (Spearmanov test korelacije rangova) te testovi (Lilliefors test za testiranje normalno- sti distribucije, t-test za testiranje značajnosti Spearmanovog koeficijenta korelacije rangova te Mann-Whitneyev test za testiranje razlika između dječaka i djevojčica). Re- zultati: Dentalna dob i srednja vrijednost (±S.D. u godinama) između dentalne i real- ne dobi izračunata je za obje metode. Rezultati su pokazali da Demirjian-ova metoda precjenjuje dob dok Haavikko podcjenjuje dob. Svi podaci bili su obrađeni korelacij- skom i regresijskom analizom koja je pokazala da su obje aplicirane metode pokazale signifikantnu korelaciju s realnom dobi (Demirjian-ova metoda imala je koeficijent ko- relacije 0.93, a metoda po Haavikko 0.89, p 0.05). Zaključak: Ovo istraživanje na po- Ključne riječi pulaciji hrvatske djece pokazalo je visoki koeficijent korelacije za obje metode i uka- dentalna dob; forenzička stomatologija; zalo na njihovu mogućnost primjene u kliničkoj, znanstvenoj i forenzičnoj primjeni. rendgenogram, panoramski Uvod Introduction Određivanje dentalne dobi danas se koristi u ra- Dental age determination is required in various zličitim kliničkim i znanstvenim disciplinama: u clinical and scientific disciplines: pediatric dentist- dječjoj stomatologiji, ortodonciji, arheologiji, pale- ry, orthodontics, archeology, paleodontology and ostomatologiji te forenzičnoj stomatologiji (1-4). U forensic dentistry (1-4). In certain communities, the nekim društvima kronološka dob živih osoba ima chronological age of living people bears significant
- 2. 12 Čuković Bagić i sur. Određivanje dentalne dobi veliko značenje zbog socijalnih olakšica, zapošlja- importance regarding social benefits, employment vanja i braka (5). Posljednjih godina mnogobrojni and marriage (5). Recently, countries with high liv- imigranti ulaze u zemlje visokog standarda, a kao ing standard have noted high immigration rates, and jedan od najvažnijih postupaka njihova identificira- one of the most important methods of identifying nja je određivanje dentalne dobi očitavanjem s orto- the incoming population is dental age determination pantomograma (OPG), (6,7). through orthopantomogram (OPG) analysis (6, 7). Dentalna dob djece temelji se na fazama rasta i Children’s dental age is based on phases in the razvoja mliječnih i trajnih zuba očitanih s rendgen- growth and development of deciduous and perma- skih snimaka, a najčešće s OPG-a. nent teeth, which can be seen on x-ray images. The Danas se koriste mnogobrojni postupci kako most common x-ray image used is the OPGs. bi se odredila dentalna dob, a najčešći je onaj pre- Currently, there are a number of different meth- ma Demirijanu i suradnicima. Prvi put je opisan i ods for determining dental age, and the most wide- objavljen godine 1973., a studija je pripremljena na spread method is the one according to Demirijan temelju analize francusko-kanadske djece (8,9). Do and his associates. It was first described in 1973, danas je taj postupak ispitan na mnogobrojnim po- and comprises a study of French-Canadian children pulacijama diljem svijeta i pokazao se vrlo primje- (8, 9). This method has been tested on various pop- njiv kad je riječ o djeci bijele rase (10-15). ulations around the world, and has proven very ap- Svrha ovoga rada bila je odrediti dentalnu dob s plicable on Caucasian children (10-15). OPG-a koristeći se metodama Demirijana i Haavi- The purpose of this paper was to determine den- kka te ih usporediti s poznatom kronološkom dobi tal age through by OPG analysis employing Demiri- na uzorku hrvatske djece. jan and Haavikko methods, as well as to compare the results of two methods with the actual chronological age on a sample population of Croatian children. Materijal i metode Materials and methods Dentalna baza podataka korištena u ovom istra- The dental data base used in this study consisted živanju sastojala se od 324 OPG-a - 149 dječaka i of 324 OPGs, 149 belonged to boys and 175 to girls, 175 djevojčica u dobi od 6 do 16 godina. Rabili su both from the ages of 6 to 16 years. The radiographs se već postojeći OPG-i snimljeni prema strogim pe- images used were already on file at the Department dodontskim i/ili ortodontskim kliničkim indikacija- of Pediatric dentistry and were taken according to ma. Ortopantomogrami pacijenata s hipodoncijom very strict pedodontic and/or orthodontic clinical in- ili hiperdoncijom te obostranim ekstrakcijama prvo- dications. OPG’s of patients with hypodontia or hy- ga donjeg kutnjak bili su izuzeti iz istraživanja zbog perdontia, as well as those with bilaterally extract- nemogućnosti očitavanja vrijednosti. Očitavali su ed mandibular first molars were excluded from the se samo OPG-i svih sedam zuba u donjem lijevom study since it was impossible to obtain complete da- kvadrantu (za metodu prema Demirjianu), ili svih ta from them. The OPGs included in the study were sedam zuba u donjem lijevom i svih sedam zuba u those with all seven teeth in the lower left and low- donjem desnom kvadrantu (za metodu prema Haa- er right quadrants (for the Haavikko method) (16). vikku), (16). U slučaju jednostrane ekstrakcije pr- Where there was a first molar missing, the value voga donjeg kutnjaka, očitavala se vrijednost kon- used was from the contralateral first molar. Third tralateralnoga prvog donjeg kutnjaka, a treći donji molars were not included in the study due to the kutnjak nije bio uključen u istraživanje zbog čestih high degree of variability in their appearance. Table varijacija u pojavnosti. 1 shows OPG distribution by age and sex. Distribucija OPG-a prema dobi i spolu prikaza- na je u Tablici 1. Statističke metode Statistical methods Za prikaz kronološke i postignute dentalne dobi Chronological age and both estimates of den- korištena je frekfencija distribucije, srednja i stan- tal age were described by frequency distribution, dardna devijacija. Korelacija između kronološke i means and standard deviation. Correlation between dentalne dobi postignuta je Spearmanovim testom chronological age and dental age was examined by
- 3. Čuković Bagić et al. Dental Age Estimation 13 Tablica 1. Distribucija OPG-a prema dobi i spolu Table 1 OPG distribution according to age and sex Djevojčice • Girls. Dječaci • Boys. Godine • Age Ukupno • Total Frequency % Frequency% 6 2 (1.14%) 2 (1.34%) 4 7 9 (5.14%) 11 (7.38) 20 8 26 (14.86%) 22 (11.44%) 48 9 29 (16.57%) 27 (18.12%) 56 10 31 (17.71%) 23 (15.44%) 54 11 20 (11.43%) 26 (17.45%) 46 12 16 (9.14%) 20 (13.42%) 36 13 18 (10.29%) 7 (4.70%) 25 14 13 (7.43%) 9 (6.04%) 22 15 8 (4.57%) 2 (1.34%) 10 16 3 (1.71%) 0 (0.00%) 3 Sve skupine • All Groups 175 149 324 korelacije, a razlika između kronološke i dentalne Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Differences dobi testirana je pomoću Wilcoxon testa. Od nepa- of chronological age and dental ages were tested by ramerijskih testova za ispitivanje normalnosti dis- Wilcoxon mached pairs test. Non parametric meth- tribucije u ovom istraživanju korišten je Lilliefor- ods were applied because of non-normality of distri- sov test. butions (it was tested by applaying Lilliefors’ test). Rezultati Results U ovom istraživanju koristio se uzorak od 324 This study covered 324 OPG’s from 175 girls ortopantomograma - 175 djevojčica (54 %) i 149 (54%) and 149 boys (46%), whose average chron- dječaka (46 %) prosječne kronološke dobi 10,4, ras- ological age was 10,4 years old, ranging from the pona godina od 6 do 16. Nakon statističke obrade ages of 6 – 16. After statistical data processing, the podataka, kod primjene metode prema Demirjianu value gained using the Demirjian method was an av- dobivena prosječna dentalna dob iznosila je 11,3 erage dental age of 11,3 (from 7,0 to 16,0), whereas (od 7,0 do 16,0), a kod metode prema Haavikku bi- value reached with the Haavikko method was an av- la je 9,6 (od 6,6 do 11,1). Srednja kronološka dob erage dental age of 9,6 (from 6,6 to 11,1). For girls, djevojčica bila je 10,6, a dječaka 10,1. Kod meto- the mean chronological age was 10,6, and 10,1 for de prema Demirjianu srednja dentalna dob djevojči- boys. The Demirjian method gave 11,6 for girls and ca bila je 11,6, a dječaka 11, a metoda prema Haa- 11 for boys, whereas the Haavikko method yield- vikku dala je istu srednju dentalnu dob za oba spola ed the same mean dental age for both sexes: 9,6. – 9,6. Kada se kronološka dob usporedila s dobive- When comparing chronological age and dental age nom dentalnom dobi prema Demirjianu, rezultati su according to the Demirjian method, it appears that pokazali da je dob prema Demirjianu kod djevojči- the Demirjian method overestimates the age by an ca bila precijenjena u prosjeku za 12 mjeseci, a kod average of 12 months for girls and by 11 months for dječaka za 11 mjeseci. U odnosu prema kronološkoj boys. When the results from the Haavikko method dobi, dobivena dentalna dob prema Haavikku bila are compared with chronological age, the Haavikko je podcijenjena za 12 mjeseci kod djevojčica te za values turn out to be underestimated by 12 months 6 mjeseci kod dječaka. Dobiveni rezultati prikaza- for girls and by 6 months for boys. The results are ni su u Tablici 2. demonstrated in Table 2. Uporabom deskriptivne statistike za dobivenu Table 3 shows mean and standard deviation of dentalnu dob (prema Demirjianu i prema Haavikko) dental age estimated by both Demirijan and Haavik- konstruirane su zasebne tablice za svaku dob poseb- ko for each age group (from 6 to 16). The results no (od 6 do 16). Rezultati su pokazali manja odstu- showed less deviation from true chronological age panja dentalne dobi prema Haavikku od kronološ- in the dental age values reached through the Haavik- ke dobi, ali samo kod pacijenata do 12 godina. Kod ko method, but only for younger age groups (not starijih pacijenata metoda prema Demirjianu dala je older than 12 years). The Demirijan method gave
- 4. 14 Čuković Bagić i sur. Određivanje dentalne dobi Tablica 2. Prikaz dobivene dentalne dobi u promatranom uzorku Table 2 Overview of dental ages in the observed sample Djevojčice • Girls Dječaci • Boys Ukupno • Total Raspon Prosječna Raspon Prosječna Raspon Prosječna godina • Min dob • Mean godina • Min dob • Mean godina • Min dob • Mean Max SD Max SD Max SD 10.6 10.1 10.4 Kronološka dob • Chronological Age 6.0 -16.0 6.0 -15.0 6.0 -16.0 2.3 2.0 2.2 Dentalna dob • Dental age 11.6 11.0 11.3 7.0 – 16.0 7.2 – 15.7 7.0 – 16.0 – Demirjian 2.4 2.0 2.3 Dentalna dob • Dental age 9.6 9.6 9.6 6.4 – 11.8 6.4 – 11.8 6.6 – 11.1 – Haavikko 1.2 1.3 1.2 Ukupno • Total (N) 175 149 324 bolje rezultate te se pokazala preciznijom kod sta- better results and proved to be more precise when rije djece. applied to older children. Obje postignute dentalne dobi prema Demirijanu Both estimates of dental age, Demirijan and i Haavikko bile su u korelaciji sa kronološkom dobi Haavikko, are highly correlated with chronologi- (p0.05). Razlika između kronološke dobi i posti- cal age (p0.05). Differences between chronologi- gnute dentalne dobi prema Demirijanu i Haavikko cal age and dental age estimates by Demirijan and nije bila veća od jedne godine, dok je Wilcoxon-ov Haavikko are not higher than 1 year. Wilcoxon ma- test pokazao značajnu statističku razliku. ched pairs test showed statistically significant dif- ferences. Tablica 3. Deskriptivna statistika za metode prema Demirjianu i prema Haavikku – prema dobi (N = ukupan broj, D = metoda prema Demirjianu, H = metoda prema Haavikko) Table 3 Descriptive statistics for the Demirjian and Haavikko methods – by age (N = total number, D = Demirjian method, H = Haavikko method) Standardna devijacija X c Dob • Age Metoda • Method N • Standard deviation (Mean) (Median) (Sd) D 7.5 7.7 0.37 6 4 H 6.7 6.7 0.39 D 8.1 8.0 0.58 7 20 H 7.5 7.4 0.61 D 8.8 8.7 0.72 8 48 H 8.2 8.3 0.69 D 10.1 9.9 0.87 9 56 H 9.1 9.0 0.58 D 11.1 11.2 0.83 10 54 H 9.6 9.6 0.51 D 12.2 12.3 0.79 11 46 H 10.3 10.4 0.62 D 12.8 12.5 0.96 12 36 H 10.6 10.6 0.61 D 13.9 13.7 1.02 13 25 H 10.7 10.7 0.43 D 14.7 14.5 1.08 14 22 H 11.0 11.0 0.38 D 15.5 16.0 0.66 15 10 H 11.1 11.0 0.19 D 16.0 16.0 0.00 16 3 H 11.0 11.0 0.08
- 5. Čuković Bagić et al. Dental Age Estimation 1 Tablica 4. Prikaz korelacije kronološke i dentalne dobi (Spearmanov koeficijent korelacije) Table 4 Correlation and difference of chronological and dental age Ukupno (djevojčice i dječaci) • Djevojčice • Girls Dječaci • Boys Total (Boys and Girls) Koeficijent Koeficijent Koeficijent Statistička Statistička Statistička korelacije • korelacije • korelacije • značajnost • značajnost • značajnost • Spearman’s Spearman’s Spearman’s Difference Difference Difference Correlation Correlation Correlation (years) (years) (years) coefficient coefficient coefficient Kronološka dob • Chronological 0.94* 1** 0.92 -0.9** 0.93* 1** age - Demirjian Kronološka dob • Chronological 0.9* 1** 0.89 0.5** 0.89* 0.8** age - Haavikko Ukupno • Total 175 149 324 (N) In spite of very closed values of mean and median of chronological and dental ages the Liiiiefors’ test showed that distributions were not normal (p0.001). *p0.05 **p0.001 Rasprava Discussion Kod djece iste kronološke dobi često zapažamo We often notice large differences in growth and velike razlike u brzini rasta i razvoja različitih su- development rates among children of the same chron- stava u tijelu. Zbog toga je definirana biološka dob ological age. This is why biological age is defined, - ona označava različite stupnjeve razvoja i zrelosti and it demarks different stages in the child’s develop- djeteta, a kronološka dob daje samo približnu pro- ment and maturity, whereas chronological age only cjenu njegove zrelosti (17). roughly estimates the child’s maturity (17). Jedan od ključnih sustava u tijelu čiji se stupanj Teeth are one of the key systems in the body, and razvoja koristi kao jedan od indeksa biološke do- their degree of development is used as one of the bi, su zubi. Većina studija objavljenih nakon godine indices of biological age. Most studies conducted 1960. radovi su koji temelje dentalnu dob na stup- after 1960 base dental age on the degree of devel- nju razvoja cijelog zuba, a ne na njegovoj erupciji opment of the whole tooth, and not upon tooth erup- te se zato smatraju pouzdanima za određivanje den- tion, and are thus considered reliable in determining talne dobi (18). dental age (18). Metoda prema Demirjianu jedna je od najjedno- The Demirjian method is one of the simplest and stavnijih, najpraktičnijih i najčešće korištenih nači- most practical and widespread methods. Its advan- na. Njezina je prednost u jasno definiranim stadiji- tage rests in the clearly defined stages and the pre- ma i točno opisanim promjenama u obliku krune i cisely described changes occurring in crown and korijena zuba, što kliničaru ne ostavlja mogućnosti root shape, leaving the clinician not much space for za nagađanje (8,9). guessing (8,9). Budući da su Demirjianove tablice prvotno bile Demirjian’s standardized charts were initially namijenjene širokom krugu pacijenata i predstavlja- meant for large groups of patients, and represented le su pokušaj da se stvore standardizirane mjere na an attempt to standardize measures on an interna- međunarodnoj razini, ispitivači iz različitih zema- tional scale, so investigators from various countries lja primijenili su ih na vlastitim pacijentima. Kako applied them to their own patients. Since certain su neka ispitivanja pokazala one se ne mogu primi- studies showed that Demirjian’s standardized charts jeniti na nekim narodima, a na određenim etničkim could be applied to members of particular nationali- skupinama vidljiva su, pak, velika odstupanja. Zato ties and not on others, this study conducted on Croa- je ovo je istraživanje, provedeno na hrvatskoj djeci, tian children aims to evaluate the Demirjian’s meth- bilo usmjereno na procjenu točnosti metode prema od accuracy, to correlate the obtained results with
- 6. 1 Čuković Bagić i sur. Određivanje dentalne dobi Demirjianu, korelaciju dobivenih rezultata s krono- the children’s chronological age, and to compare loškom dobi djece te njihovu usporedbu s rezulta- these with the results from Haavikko’s method (16). tima metode prema Haavikku (16). Metoda prema The Haavikko method proved most precise in 12- Haavikko pokazala se najtočnijom za djecu do 12 year-olds, while it yielded too small results for all godina, a za sve starije davala je u ovoj studiji pre- patients above that age participating in this study. male rezultate. Liversidge et al. (19) proved that the Demirjian Liversidge i suradnici (19) dokazali su da meto- method yields overestimated results and they con- da prema Demirjianu daje precijenjene rezultate, pa sider this due to a positive trend in growth and de- smatraju da je uzrok tomu pozitivan trend rasta i ra- velopment during the last 25 years. The results of zvoja u posljednjih 25 godina. Rezultati ovog istra- this study confirm this fact. živanja tu činjenicu potvrđuju. Furthermore, in their study, Liversidge and Nakon toga su Liversidge i Speechly u svojoj su Speechly compared the growth and development of studiji usporedili rast i razvoj 7 zuba s lijeve stra- 7 teeth on the left side of the mandible in both sex- ne donje čeljusti kod obaju spolova te su gotovo za es and almost every stage of development showed svaki stadij razvoja pokazali brži razvoj zuba kod faster tooth development in girls than in boys (20). djevojčica prema razvoju zuba kod dječaka (20). Our study showed greater overestimation of re- Naše je istraživanje pokazalo veću precijenje- sults for girls than for boys when using the Demir- nost rezultata kod djevojčica od one kod dječaka jian method. Assuming this method is accurate metodom prema Demirjianu. Ako pretpostavimo da and reliable, with minimal deviation, overestima- je metoda točna i pouzdana, s minimalnim odstu- tion can truly be attributed to a positive trend in panjima, precijenjenost se doista može protumačiti children’s growth and development over the last pozitivnim trendom rasta i razvoja djece u posljed- 25 years, whereas overestimated results for girls njih 25 godina, dok se veći rezultati kod djevojčica can be attributed to their faster development. The mogu objasniti njihovim bržim razvojem. U našoj je difference between dental age and chronological studiji razlika između postignute dentalne i krono- age according to Demirjian was overestimated by loške dobi metodom prema Demirijanu, precijenje- one year. For boys the difference was 11 months, na za jednu godinu u obje skupine. Koristeći se me- and for girls it was 12 months. According to the todom prema Haavikko, razlika između postignute Haavikko method, the difference between the ob- i kronološke dobi bila je kod djevojčica i dječaka tained age and chronological age was also underes- podcijenjena za jednu godinu. Tunc i Koyuturk (21) timated for one year in both groups. In their study, u svojoj su studiji dobili razliku između dobi odre- Tunc and Koyuturk (21) obtained a difference be- đene prema Demirijanu i kronološke dobi. Ona je tween Demirjian method values and chrological iznosila od 0,36 do 1,43 godina za dječake, a za dje- age. It was 0,36 to 1,43 years for boys and 0,50 to vojčice od 0,50 do 1,44 . 1,44 years for girls. Bez obzira na rezultate, važno je znati da se ra- Regardless of the obtained results, it is impor- zlike između kronološke dobi i dobivene dentalne tant to remember that the difference in chronologi- dobi mogu pripisati mnogim čimbenicima, kao što cal age and obtained dental ages can be attributed to je preciznost izvođenja metode, subjektivnost ispi- numerous factors, such as the accuracy of the meth- tivača, veličina uzorka, struktura uzorka (dob, spol, od’s execution, the examiner’s subjectivity, sample etnička i nacionalna pripadnost, socijalni status) te size, sample structure (age, sex, ethnicity and na- statistički pristup dobivenim rezultatima. tionality, social status), and statistic approach to the Za razliku od ispitivanih postupaka u ovom obtained results. istraživanju, Cameriere i suradnici (22-24) objavi- Cameriere et al. (22-24) took a completely dif- li su matematičku formulu za izračun dentalne do- ferent approch and published a mathematical for- bi na zubima nekih europskih zemalja kao što su: mula for calculating dental age on teeth for some Italija, Španjolska, Slovenija i Hrvatska. Metoda se European countries: Italy, Spain, Slovenia, Croatia. temelji na mjerenju završenosti razvoja vrhova ko- The method is based upon measuring the complete- rijena zuba računalnom metodom, a sva su dosadaš- ness of apical development via a computer method, nja istraživanja pokazala vrlo jaku korelaciju s kro- and all studies to date show a very strong correla- nološkom dobi. tion to chronological age.
- 7. Čuković Bagić et al. Dental Age Estimation 1 Zaključak Conclusion Unatoč studijama koje daju prednost metodi pre- Despite the existance of studies in favour of the ma Haavikku, ili onih koje ističu važnost metode Haavikko method and those that emphasize the im- prema Demirjianu, ovo istraživanje na hrvatskoj portance of the Demirjian method, this study con- djeci pokazalo je visok korelacijski koeficijent u ducted on Croatian children demonstrates a high objema metodama, dakle visoku korelaciju između correlation coefficient for both methods, therefore kronološke i postignute dentalne dobi te je tako po- a high correlation between chronological and ob- tvrdilo njihovu moguću primjenu u kliničkoj praksi tained dental age, and confirms their potential appli- i forenzičnoj stomatologiji. cability in clinical practice and forensic dentistry. Zahvala Acknowledgement Rad je podpomognut od strane Ministarstva zna- This study was supported bay the Ministry of Sci- nosti, obrazovanja i športa Republike Hrvatske. ence, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croa- Projekt broj: 065-0650445-0423 (Humano zubalo u tia; Grant No. 065-0650445-0423 (Human dentition forenzičnim i arheološkim istraživanjima) in forensic and archaelogical researches) Abstract Received: February 8, 2008 Developing teeth are used to assess maturity and estimate age in a number of dis- Accepted: March 3, 2008 ciplines, such as pediatric and preventive dentistry, orthodontics, forensic odon- tology, etc. Aim: The accuracy of different methods has not been systematically Address for correspondence investigated within the Croatian population, so the aim of this investigation was Professor Ivana Čuković Bagić DDS. PhD to determine the accuracy of two methods; Demirjian’s and Haavikko’s. Material University of Zagreb and Methods: Tooth formation was assessed from orthopantomograms (OPGs) be- School of Dental Medicine longing to healthy children, patients of the School of Dental Medicine, University Department of Pedodontics of Zagreb. The sample consisted of 324 children (149 boys, 175 girls, ages 6–16 Gundulićeva 5, HR-10 000 Zagreb years). The OPGs were examined and seven mandibular teeth were staged accord- Tel. +385 1 4802 216 ing to Demirjian’s dental maturity scale and according to Haavikko. Descriptive sta- bagic@sfzg.hr tistics were used together with relation analysis (Spearman correlation) and tests (Lilliefors test for normality of distribution, t-test for significance of Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient, and Mann-Whitney test for testing the differenc- es between boys and girls). Results: Dental age and the difference between den- tal and actual chronological age was calculated for both methods. Results showed that Demirjian’s method overestimated the age while Haavikko’s method underes- timated the age. All data was subjected to both correlation and regression analy- sis, which showed that both applied methods gave results with significant correla- tion to the actual age (Demirjian’s method yielded a 0.93 coefficient of correlation, Haavikko’s method yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.89, p0.05). Conclusion: Key words This study on Croatian children has shown high correlation coefficients for both Age Determination by Teeth; Forensic methods and demonstrated their potential benefit in clinical and scientific use. Dentistry; Radiography, Panoramic References 1. Koch G, Poulsen S. Pediatric dentistry – a clinical ap- 7. Forrest D, Knight B, Hinshelwood G, Anand J, Tonge V. A proach. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 2001. guide to writing medical reports on survivors of torture. 2. Vodanović M, Brkić H, Slaus M, Demo Z. 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