Contribution of scientists in developing Microbiology
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The document explores the significant contributions of key figures in microbiology, including Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, who established foundational principles of germ theory and sterilization techniques. It details Koch's postulates and innovations in laboratory methods, as well as Pasteur's discoveries related to vaccination and pasteurization. Additionally, it highlights the work of Joseph Lister and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, underscoring their roles in advancing surgical sanitation and microscopic observation of microorganisms.
Contribution of scientists in developing Microbiology
- 1. Contribution of Scientists in the development of Microbiology Ms Jigisha Pancholi Head Dept. of Biochemistry & Microbiology Indian Institute of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sciences Gujarat Ayurved University
- 2. Robert Koch
- 3. Robert Koch He was a German physician and pioneering microbiologist. His groundbreaking research on tuberculosis, Koch received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905.
- 4. Contributions in Microbiology Robert Koch is widely known for his work with anthrax, discovering the causative agent of the fatal disease to be Bacillus anthracis.
- 5. Contributions in Microbiology In India, Koch was able to determine the causative agent of cholera, isolating Vibrio cholerae. At that time, it was widely believed that tuberculosis was an inherited disease. However, Koch was convinced that the disease was caused by a bacterium and was infectious. In 1882, he published his findings on tuberculosis, in which he reported the causative agent of the disease to be the slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- 6. Contributions in Microbiology He gave experimental support for the concept of infectious disease. Koch created and improved laboratory technologies and techniques in the field of microbiology. Following his work with anthrax, Koch set out to find a better way of growing and isolating microorganisms. Previously, he had used liquid cultures, which were easily contaminated with other organisms, and he needed live animals as incubators to grow the bacteria he was studying.
- 7. Contributions in Microbiology In an attempt to grow bacteria and isolate to get pure cultures, Koch began to use solid nutrients such as potato slices. Through these initial experiments, Koch observed individual colonies of identical, pure cells. Coming to the conclusion that potato slices were not suitable media for all organisms, Koch later began to use nutrient solutions with gelatin.
- 8. Contributions in Microbiology However, he soon realized that gelatin, like potato slices, was not the optimal medium for bacterial growth, as it did not remain solid at 37 °C, the ideal temperature for growth of most human pathogens. As suggested to him by Walther and Fanny Hesse, Koch began to utilize agar to grow and isolate pure cultures, as this polysaccharide remains solid at 37 °C, is not degraded by most bacteria, and results in a transparent medium.
- 9. With the help of his assistant Julius Richard Petri, who is remembered for the invention of the petri dish, he developed methods for isolating colonies of microorganisms. Contributions in Microbiology
- 10. Koch’s postulates The organism must always be present, in every case of the disease. The organism must be isolated from a host containing the disease and grown in pure culture. Samples of the organism taken from pure culture must cause the same disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal in the laboratory. The organism must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be identified as the same original organism first isolated from the originally diseased host.
- 11. Louis Pasteur
- 12. Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases, and his discoveries have saved countless lives ever since. He was the Director of the Pasteur Institute, established in 1887, till his death, and his body lies beneath the institute. He is known as father of modern Microbiology.
- 13. Awards And Honors The Royal Society of London presented him the Rumford Medal for his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its relations to polarized light in 1856. The French Academy of Sciences awarded him the Montyon Prize in 1859 for experimental physiology, the Jecker Prize in 1861, and the Alhumbert Prize in 1862. He was awarded the Copley medal in 1874 for his work on fermentation. In 1883 he became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He won the Leeuwenhoek medal, microbiology's highest Dutch honor in Arts and Sciences, in 1895.
- 14. Awards And Honors In many localities worldwide, streets are named in his honor. Both the Institute Pasteur and Université Louis Pasteur were named after Pasteur. The schools Lycée Pasteur in Neuilly-sur- Seine, France, and Lycée Louis Pasteur in Calgary, Canada, are named after him. In South Africa, the Louis Pasteur Private Hospital in Pretoria, and Life Louis Pasteur Private Hospital, Bloemfontein, are named after him. Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Košice, Slovakia is also named after Pasteur.
- 15. Awards And Honors A statue of Pasteur is erected at San Rafael High School in San Rafael, California The UNESCO/Institute Pasteur Medal was created on the centenary of Pasteur's death, and is given every two years in his name
- 16. Contributions in Microbiology Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation is caused by the growth of micro-organisms, and the emergent growth of bacteria in nutrient broths is due not to spontaneous generation, but rather to biogenesis (Omne vivum ex vivo "all life from life").
- 17. Contributions in Microbiology He did experiments to prove spontaneous generation of organisms was wrong and supported the germ theory.
- 18. Contributions in Microbiology He performed experiments that showed that without contamination, microorganisms could not develop. Pasteur exposed boiled broths to air in swan-neck flasks that contained a filter to prevent all particles from passing through to the growth medium, and even in flasks with no filter at all, with air being admitted via a long tortuous tube that would not allow dust particles to pass. Nothing grew in the broths unless the flasks were broken open, showing that the living organisms that grew in such broths came from outside, as spores on dust, rather than spontaneously generated within the broth. This was one of the last and most important experiments disproving the theory of spontaneous generation for which Pasteur won the Alhumbert Prize in 1862.
- 19. Contributions in Microbiology Pasteur's research also showed that the growth of micro- organisms was responsible for spoiling beverages, such as beer, wine and milk.
- 20. Contributions in Microbiology With this established, he invented a process in which liquids such as milk were heated to a temperature between 60 and 100°C. This killed most bacteria and moulds already present within them. The method became known as pasteurization, and was soon applied to beer and milk.
- 22. Contributions in Microbiology He reduced mortality from puerperal fever and created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
- 23. Joseph Lister
- 24. Joseph Lister Joseph Lister was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery.
- 25. Awards and Honors Lister was President of the Royal Society between 1895 and 1900. Following his death, a Memorial Fund led to the founding of the Lister Medal, which is the most prestigious prize that could be awarded to a surgeon.
- 26. Awards and Honors Two postage stamps were issued in September 1965 to honour Lister for his contributions to antiseptic surgery. Lister is one of the two surgeons in the United Kingdom who have the honour of having a public monument in London.
- 27. Awards and Honors In 1903, the British Institute of Preventative Medicine was renamed Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine in honour of Lister. Lister Hospital in England is named in honour of Lister. The Discovery Expedition of 1901–04 named the highest point in the Royal Society Range, Antarctica, Mount Lister.
- 28. Awards and Honors In 1879, Listerine mouthwash was named after him for his work in antisepsis. Microorganisms named in his honour include the pathogenic bacterial genus Listeria as well as the slime mould genus Listerella. He is known as father of modern surgery.
- 29. Contributions in Microbiology Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (now known as phenol) to sterilize surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which led to a reduction in post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients. Until Lister's studies of surgery, most people believed that chemical damage from exposures to bad air was responsible for infections in wounds. Hospital wards were occasionally aired out at midday as a precaution against the spread of infection via miasma (bad air), but facilities for washing hands or a patient's wounds were not available.
- 30. Contributions in Microbiology A surgeon was not required to wash his hands before seeing a patient because such practices were not considered necessary to avoid infection. Pasteur suggested three methods to eliminate the micro-organisms responsible: filtration, exposure to heat, or exposure to solution/chemical solutions. Lister confirmed Pasteur's conclusions with his own experiments and decided to use his findings to develop "antiseptic" techniques for wounds.
- 31. Contributions in Microbiology Lister tested the results of spraying instruments, the surgical incisions, and dressings with a solution of carbolic acid. Lister found that the solution swabbed on wounds remarkably reduced the incidence of gangrene. He instructed surgeons under his responsibility to wear clean gloves and wash their hands before and after operations with 5% carbolic acid solutions. Instruments were also washed in the same solution and assistants sprayed the solution in the operating theatre. One of his additional suggestions was to stop using porous natural materials in manufacturing the handles of medical instruments.
- 32. Contributions in Microbiology He also developed a method of repairing kneecaps with metal wire and improved the technique of mastectomy (surgical removal of breast).
- 34. Antoni van leeuwenhoek He was a Dutch tradesman and scientist. He is commonly known as the Father of Microbiology, and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology.
- 35. Contributions in Microbiology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made more than 500 optical lenses. He also created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types. These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-made lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times.
- 36. Contributions in Microbiology Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe microorganisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules (from Latin animalculum = "tiny animal"). Most of the "animalcules" are now referred to as unicellular organisms, though he observed multicellular organisms in pond water.
- 37. Contributions in Microbiology Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries are: the infusoria (protists in modern zoological classification), in 1674 the bacteria, (e.g., large Selenomonads from the human mouth), in 1676. the vacuole of the cell the spermatozoa in 1677 the banded pattern of muscular fibers, in 1682
- 38. John Tyndall
- 39. John Tyndall John Tyndall (2 August 1820 – 4 December 1893) was a prominent Irish 19th-century physicist. John Tyndall proved that dust carries the germs and if no dust in the air, the sterile broth remained free of microbial growth for indefinite period. This outcome disapproved spontaneous generation theory. He also developed a sterilization method “Tyndallization”, referred as intermittent or fractional sterilization. The subsequent cooling and heating by steam for 3 days remove the germs and their spores.
- 40. Tyndallization Tyndallization essentially consists of heating the substance to boiling point (or just a little below boiling point) and holding it there for 15 minutes, three days in succession. After each heating, the resting period will allow spores that have survived to germinate into bacterial cells; these cells will be killed by the next day's heating. During the resting periods the substance being sterilized is kept in a moist environment at a warm room temperature, conducive to germination of the spores.
- 41. Tyndallization When the environment is favourable for bacteria, it is conducive to the germination of cells from spores, and spores do not form from cells in this environment. The Tyndallization process is usually effective in practice. But it is not considered totally reliable—some spores may survive and later germinate and multiply. It is not often used today, but is used for sterilizing some things that cannot withstand pressurized heating, such as plant seed.
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