![Centrifugal discharge
• These elevators (Fig. 21-5a) are the most
commonMounted on a belt or a chain, the buckets
are spaced to prevent interference in loading or
discharging. This type of elevator will handle almost
any freeflowing fine or small-lump material such as
grain, coal, or dry chemicals
• Speeds can be relatively high for fairly dense
materials but must be lowered considerably for
aerated or low-bulk-density materials [under 641
kg/m3 (40 lb/ft3 )] to prevent fanning action.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/conveyorspt-170911094349/85/Conveyors-and-types-44-320.jpg)
Conveyors and types
- 1. CONVEYING SYSTEMS A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials.
- 2. Designing a Conveyor System Capacity requirement Length of travel Material characteristics Processing requirements Life expectancy Costs
- 3. MAIN ELEMENTS OF A CONVEYOR Conveyor drive Conveyor motor Auxiliary Equipment Control of Conveyors
- 4. Conveyor drives • Conveyor drives may account for from 10 to 30 percent of the total cost of the conveyor system, depending on specific job requirements. They may be of either fixed-speed or adjustable-speed type. • Fixed-speed drives are used when the initially chosen conveyor speed does not require change during the course of normal operation. Simple sheave or sprocket changes suffice should minor speed alterations be needed. However, for major adjustments motor or speed-reducer changes are required. In any event, the conveyor must be shut down while the speed change is made. • Adjustable-speed drivesare designed for changing speed either manually or automatically while the conveyor is in operation, to meet variations in processing requirements.
- 5. Conveyor Motors • Conveyor Motors for conveyor drives are generally of 240- and 480-V ratings. • The squirrel-cage motor is most commonly used with belt conveyors and with drives up to 7.457 kW (10 hp)
- 6. Auxiliary equipment • They are the addition support equipment. For example • Elevating conveyors must be equipped with some form of holdback or brake to prevent reversal of travel • and subsequent jamming when power is unexpectedly cut off
- 7. Control of conveyors • Control has been enhanced considerably • with the introduction of process-control computers and programmable controllers, which can be used to maintain rated capacities to close • tolerances. This ability is especially useful if feed to the conveyor • tends to be erratic. Through variable-speed drives, outputs can be • adjusted automatically for changes in processing conditions
- 9. Chute conveyor Wheel conveyor Roller conveyor • Gravity roller conveyor • Live (powered) roller Chain conveyor Flight chain Apron chain Closed belt Slat conveyor Continuos flow conveyor Bucket conveyor Vibrating conveyor Screw conveyor Pneumatic conveyor Flat belt conveyor Magnetic belt conveyor Troughed belt conveyor
- 10. Wheel Conveyor
- 11. Gravity wheel conveyor • These can be used as pusher units set horizontally or inclined for gravity flow. • They are highly standardized and are usually sold in 1.5- or 3-m (5- or 10-ft) sections; special lengths are available at extra charge • Gravity skate wheel will convey lightweight loads that have firm flat bottoms such as cartons, totes, cases, etc. Skate wheel conveyor “rolls” more easily than roller conveyor allowing for lighter packages and less slope. • Since wheel units are relatively light, they have relatively low inertia, and loads may be started and stopped quite easily • Metal plates or projecting hardwood slats are commonly used as stops on conveyor lines.
- 12. Roller Conveyor
- 13. Roller conveyor • Gravity rollers are considerably heavier than the wheels on wheel conveyors, • Non-powered roller conveyors or Gravity Conveyors are the most economical and common method of conveying unit loads. The conveyors are typically mounted on a slight decline angle, therefore using gravity to assist product movement, especially for long distances. They can also be used in applications where the conveyor is level and operators can push the product along to its final destination, allowing for multiple workstations, if needed. • As with gravity wheel conveyors, roller units are highly standardized and auxiliary equipment is available for supporting the line from ceiling or floor. Many special rollers are available for retarding containers if speed becomes too great for safe handling.
- 14. WORKING
- 15. Belt Conveyor
- 16. • One of the basic tools in material handling industry, • Belt conveyors are most commonly used in transportation of bulk materials (grain, salt, coal, ore, sand, etc.). • Capacity and ability-- It can travel for miles at speeds up to 5.08 m/s (1000 ft/min) and handle up to 4539 metric tons/h (5000 tons/h).
- 17. Working principle Belt conveyor is composed by two pulleys and a closed conveyor belt. The pulley that drives conveyor belt is called drive pulley ; the other one–only used to change conveyor belt movement direction–is called bend pulley. Drive pulley is driven by the motor ,. The drive pulleys are generally installed at the discharge end. Material is fed on the feed-side and landed on the rotating conveyor belt.
- 18. TYPES
- 20. • ADVANTAGES OF BELT CONVEYORS (a)Noiseless operation. (b) Large length of conveying path (c) Lower power consumption. (d) Long life. (e) Adaptability to different types of goods. (j) Ability to carry almost any bulk material (g) High reliability of operation. (h) Can transport material in any direction. • LIMITATIONS OF BELT CONVEYORS (a) Accumulation difficult (b) The loss of light weight bulk material carried away as dust (c) Continuous or periodic monitoring of belt is necessary (d) Heat affects the material of belt.
- 21. Slat Conveyor
- 22. Slat conveyors • Uses discretely spaced slats connected to a chain. • The slats are either of wood or flanged metal. • Unit being transported retains its position (like a belt conveyor). • Orientation and placement of the load is controlled.
- 23. Working • Slat Conveyors are conveyors employing one or more endless chains to which non-overlapping, non-interlocking, spaced slats are attached. • Slat conveyors consist of endless chains, driven by electric motors operating through reduction gears and sprockets, with attached spaced slats to carry objects that would damage a belt because of sharp edges or heavy weights.
- 24. animation
- 25. Benefits of Slat Conveyors Flexibility allows for a wide variety of heavy load conveyor applications. Position and orientation can be controlled and maintained if required. Offers a continuous moving surface to mount product fixturing if desired. Tilt slat conveyors are used for sortation Highly reliable, low maintenance. Can be used for horizontal, inclined and curved routes. Slats can easily be replaced.
- 27. Construction & Working • Most vibrating conveyors are essentially directional-throw units which consist of a spring- supported horizontal pan vibrated by a direct connected eccentric arm, rotating eccentric weights, an electromagnet, or a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder. The motion imparted to the material particles may vary, but its purpose is to throw the material upward and forward so that it will travel along the conveyor path in a series of short hops.
- 28. • Capacity of directional-throw vibrating conveyors-- is determined by the magnitude of trough displacement, frequency of this displacement, angle of throw, slope of trough, and ability of the material to receive and transmit through its mass the directional throw of the trough. • The material itself is the most important factor. To be conveyed properly it should have a high friction factor on steel as well as a high internal friction factor so that conveying action is transmitted through its entire depth. Thus deep loads tend to move more slowly than thin ones. Material must also be dense enough to minimize the effect of air resistance on its trajectory, and it should not aerate. • Tests have shown that granular materials handle better than pulverized materials and flat or irregular shapes better than spherical ones.
- 29. Classification of vibrating conveyors
- 30. Advantages and Drawbacks A vibrating conveyor can handle multiple processing tasks and convey dry, hot or cold materials over long distances but may require high maintenance due to the vibrations. Conveyor lengths are limited to about 61 m (200 ft) with multiple drives and about 30.5 m (100 ft) with a single drive. The capacity of vibrating conveyors--- is extremely broad, ranging from thousands of tons down to grams or ounces.
- 31. Screw conveyor One of the most widely used conveyors in the processing industry.
- 32. WORKING PRINCIPLE • Consists of a tube or U-shaped stationary trough through which a shaft-mounted helix revolves to push loose material forward in a horizontal or inclined direction
- 33. Screw-conveyor abilities CAPACITY • generally limited to around 4.72 m3 /min (10,000 ft3 /h). PROCESSING OPERATIONS • Screw conveyors operate using a continuous shaftless helicoid screw that moves almost any type of solid material through it. • They typically operate on an incline and can transport up to 80 feet. • Can convey up to 1,800 cfh. Material design • In addition to a wide variety of designs for components, screw conveyors may be fabricated in materials ranging from cast iron to stainless steel. Size • Standard sizes range from 2 in. to 8 in. diameter.
- 34. ADVANTAGES Screw conveyors are capable of handling a great variety of bulk materials from sluggish to free-flowing. Screw conveyors can have multiple inlet and discharge points. Bulk materials can be conveyed and distributed to various locations as required. Slide gates or valves can be added to control the flow into and out of a screw conveyor. Screw conveyors are totally enclosed to contain the product and prevent spillage. Screw conveyors can be utilized in the horizontal, vertical or any inclined position depending upon the characteristics of the product being conveyed. Screw conveyors can be used to cool, heat or dry products in transit. Depending on the heat transfer requirements, a screw conveyor can be jacketed, or a hollow-flight design utilized to provide the necessary heat transfer for the application Screw conveyors can be designed to be vapor-tight or hold an internal pressure. This is very important when conveying toxic or hazardous products such as those in the chemical industry.
- 35. FLIGHT CONVEYOR • An enclosed, rectangular cross - section, made of steel casing is furnished with an endless chain equipped with flights.
- 36. Flight chain • Flight conveyors have scrapers, or flights, mounted at intervals perpendicular to the direction of travel on endless power-driven chains operating within a trough. • Bulk materials such as sawdust, sand, gravel, coal, and chemicals may be pushed along the trough.
- 37. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • Low installation cost. • Suitable for transportation at steep places. • High power consumption.
- 38. Apron conveyor
- 39. Design & Operation Apron conveyors consist of endless chains with attached overlapping and interlocking plates to provide a continuous-carrying surface that forms a leakproof bed suitable for bulk materials without containers. Their main application is the feeding of material at controlled rates, with lump sizes that are large enough to minimize dribble.
- 40. Characterestics of apron chain conveyors Exclusively used for transportation of heavy loads. Apron conveyor speeds are typically 50-75 ft/min They have high load-carrying capacity The number of branches can be selected depending on the nature of the material being moved Possibility of managing special requirements of the customers, such as the use of a different chain type, chain with carriers, etc.
- 41. BUCKET CONVEYOR • Bucket elevators are the simplest and most dependable units for making vertical lifts. • They are available in a wide range of capacities and may operate entirely in the open or be totally enclosed.
- 42. WORKING The product is fed into the moving bucket belt at a controlled rate in a similar manner to feeding a normal belt conveyor. At the end of the conveyor, the buckets are emptied by gravity into the discharge section.
- 44. Centrifugal discharge • These elevators (Fig. 21-5a) are the most commonMounted on a belt or a chain, the buckets are spaced to prevent interference in loading or discharging. This type of elevator will handle almost any freeflowing fine or small-lump material such as grain, coal, or dry chemicals • Speeds can be relatively high for fairly dense materials but must be lowered considerably for aerated or low-bulk-density materials [under 641 kg/m3 (40 lb/ft3 )] to prevent fanning action.
- 46. Positive discharge • Elevators of this type (Fig. 21-5b) are essentially the same as centrifugal-discharge units except that the buckets are mounted on two strands of chain and are snubbed back under the head sprocket to invert them for positive discharge. • These units are designed especially for materials which are sticky or tend to pack, and the slight impact of the chain seating on the snub sprocket combined with complete bucket inversion is generally sufficient to empty the buckets completely. • The speed of these units is relatively slow, and buckets must be larger or more closely spaced to reach capacity levels of the centrifugal style.
- 47. Continuous bucket • These elevators (Fig. 21-5c) are generally used for larger-lump materials or for materials too difficult to handle with centrifugal-discharge units. • Buckets are closely spaced, with the back of the preceding bucket serving as a discharge chute for the bucket which is dumping as it rounds the head pulley. • Close bucket spacing reduces the speed at which the elevator must run to maintain capacities comparable with the spaced-bucket elevator
- 48. ADVANTAGES • The bucket elevators are used in most of the industries today for a variety of purposes. It has a huge transporting capacity with lower maintenance and better transportation facilities. • These elevators are durable with low driving power. With the help of elevators, goods and materials can be transported smoothly and easily. Materials can be lifted to a great height with the help of these elevators. • In addition to reliability, the bucket elevators have a wide range of lifting capabilities.
- 49. REFERENCES • Perry’s chemical engineering handbook, 7th ed, Mcgraw hill, Newyork, 1984, • http://www4.ncsu.edu/~kay/mhetax/TransEq/ Conv/ • www.chemicalprocessing.com/pdf • https://www.slideshare.net/ • https://www.britannica.com/technology/convey or