Cortical bone repositioning technique for horizontal alveolar bone augmentation : A case series

Cortical Bone Repositioning
Technique for
Horizontal Alveolar Bone
Augmentation:
A Case Series
Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2018
Authors - Kensuke Yamauchi, Shinnosuke Nogami, Yoshihiro Kataoka, Shigeto
Koyama, Bernd Lethaus, Tetsu Takahashi
PRESENTATION BY – DR. MD ABDUL HALEEM

CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Materials and Method
• Surgical Procedure
• Radiographic Evaluation
• Resonance Frequency Analysis
• Results
– Clinical Observation
– Bone With
– Implant And Crown Placement
– RFA
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Reference

INTRODUCTION
• Following tooth loss, deficiencies in alveolar ridge bone height and width
may limit the use of dental implants.
• Clinically, the greatest loss of alveolar ridge is usually in the horizontal
dimension.*
• Ridge augmentation has been adopted for functional and esthetic implant-
supported restoration of an atrophic narrow alveolar process.
• Bone grafting with autogenous bone, guided bone regeneration (GBR) and
ridge expansion techniques have been used for this purpose.*

• GBR combines application of autografts and membranes and is a predictable surgical
procedure for lateral ridge bone augmentation that results in enlargement of the alveolar
crest in partially edentulous patients.
• However, these procedures have disadvantages such as the need for surgical intervention
to harvest bone, unpredictable bone resorption and difficulty with soft tissue coverage
resulting in a risk of wound dehiscence.

• In 1996, alveolar distraction osteogenesis
(DO) was introduced as an effective new
technique for ridge augmentation and the
vertical alveolar DO technique is now
applied widely to correct alveolar ridge
defects or atrophy.*
• The advantages of DO over bone grafts
and GBR include the absence of a donor
site and simultaneous lengthening of the
surrounding soft tissues.

• The split crest is the most popular method
in which the crestal bone is split to create
a width sufficient for implantation.*
• This method can be used to correct
horizontal defects in the crestal region.
• Fixation of the split bone is usually not
necessary.
• Sometimes, the crestal bone resorbs at
the edge of the split area.

• Another method is the shell technique/Modified shell technique which creates a
space under the periosteum using an autogenous bone block or a biomaterial.*

• The present article describes a novel
procedure that maintains a secure space
under the periosteum by replacement of the
lateral cortex via fixation by employing
titanium screws.
• This cortical bone repositioning (CBR)
technique avoids donor site morbidity and is
a single operation and uses minimal
amounts of materials to encourage
regeneration of a horizontal alveolar bone
defect.

Materials and Methods
• Inclusion criteria
– Adequate oral hygiene
– Absence of local
inflammation or mucosal
disease
– Adequate vertical height
for implant insertion.
• Exclusion criteria
– Severe clenching or bruxism
– Drug or alcohol abuse
– Nicotine abuse
– Diabetes
– History of radiation or
chemotherapy
– Immunocompromised status
– General conditions for surgical
procedures.

• The mean age of the patients was 45.1 years (range: 24 to 72 years) - one man, six
women
• A diagnostic stent was made and used to plan the fixed dental prosthesis prior to
data collection via general radiograph and computed tomography (CT).
• A horizontal alveolar bone defect was observed for in the cases
• The vertical height was adequate for implant insertion and the buccal and
lingual/palatal cortices were clearly observed.
• Thus, the structures contained thin cancellous bony areas evident on CT images.
• Perioperatively, all patients received amoxicillin 750 mg/day or cefdinir 300 mg/day
for at least 3 days.

Surgical Procedure
• Midcrestal incisions were made followed by sulcular incisions with or without vertical
incisions on the neighboring teeth.
• Full-thickness flaps were raised and the defect areas were exposed to allow insertion
of surgical instruments.
• Bone blocks (minimum height 6 mm) were designed for placement in the defects and
an ultrasonic bone-cutting device or a small fissure burr was used to cut the lateral
cortex only.
• Prior to block mobilization, a pilot hole for screw insertion was drilled, but only in the
lateral cortex.

• A self-tapping miniscrew was inserted and advanced until it touched the
lingual/palatal cortex.
• After confirming that the lateral bone block was freed from the original bony surface
and that the position was adequate, the screw was removed and the lingual cortex
was drilled out to a diameter identical to that of the lateral hole.
• The screw was reinserted into the lateral cortical bone block and the block placed
laterally to allow fixation on further screw insertion into the lingual/palatal cortex.
• After checking that the block was adequately stable, a small amount of particulate
autogenous bone taken by bone scraper from the surrounding original surface was
placed at the step (not in the gap) between the block and the original surface.

• In some patients with big steps or when problems were encountered with the blocks, a
resorbable membrane was placed over the block area.
• The flap was closed after creation of periosteal releasing incisions to ensure tension-free
closure.

Single corticotomy using
ultrasonic bone cutting device.
Drilling to the lateral cortical bone,
screw insertion and mobilization of
lateral cortical bone block.
Surgical technique of cortical bone repositioning

Screw removal and drilling to
lingual/palatal cortical bone.
Surgical technique of cortical bone repositioning
Fixation of the block by position
screw technique.

Radiographic Evaluation
• Routine radiographic examinations were performed by orthopantomogram and
intraoral radiographs preoperatively and at 1, 3 and 6 months postoperative.
• CT scans were taken preoperatively and at 3 months postoperative.

Resonance Frequency Analysis
• Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was used to provide an objective measure of implant
stability.
• This was carried out with a transducer probe and a standardized abutment.
• The resonance frequency was defined by the amplitude change.

• The implant stability quotient (ISQ) was determined and described on a scale
of 1 to 100.
• Immediately after implant insertion, the RFA measurement was made for all
patients.
• It was repeated for all patients with nonsubmerged implants during
postoperative weeks 16 and 24.

Results
Clinical Observations
All patients underwent the CBR technique for a horizontal defect area

• In one patient, the cortical bone segment fractured at the time of mobilization from
the original position and was divided into two pieces.
• Each segment was fixed with a titanium miniscrew at a position on the lateral and
upper side that partially overlapped the original cortical bone.
• In three patients with large steps and when problems were encountered with the
blocks, a resorbable membrane was placed over the block area.
• There were no complications such as wound dehiscence, infection or screw
loosening after the surgery and implants were inserted uneventfully.

Bone Width
• Preoperative bone width in the defect area was 3.28 ± 0.39
mm (range: 3.0 to 4.0 mm)
• The post-operative 4-month bone width in the same area was
6.46 ± 1.10 mm (range: 4.1 to 7.6).
• The gain in bone width was 3.15 ± 3.15 mm (range: 1.3 to 4.0).

Intraoral photographs
Fixation of the block by position screw technique.
Raising flap after consolidation period for 4
months. Bone gap was filled with newly
formed bone.

Two implants were inserted without dehiscence of
implant surface.
Final prosthesis.

cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) cross-sectional
images.
Preoperative CBCT cross-sectional image.
Horizontal bone atrophy observed.
Postoperative CBCT cross-sectional image.
Width of alveolar crest is gained via cortical
bone repositioning.

Preoperative. Horizontal bone
atrophy was observed.
Postoperative. Two titanium screws were
used for fixation of bone block. Width of
alveolar crest was gained via cortical bone
repositioning.

Implant and Crown Placement
• In total 16 implants were placed in the augmented area
• 4 simultaneously with the CBR procedure and 12 after a bone
consolidation period of more than 4 months.
• All implants were placed with a two stage approach and these
second operations were also uneventful.

Cortical bone repositioning technique for horizontal alveolar bone augmentation : A case series

• Implant lengths varied between 9 and 13 mm depending on the bone
volume.
• All titanium screws that fixed the cortical bone were removed after the
bone consolidation period.
• All implants were uncovered after 3 to 5 months.
• Single or splinted crowns were attached after provisional restorations.
• All patients were fully rehabilitated functionally and esthetically with
implant-supported dentures.
• Intraoral radiographs were taken to evaluate the precise fit and the
periimplant bone level and there were no clinical problems at average
follow-up 25.4 months (range: 19 to 31 months) after loading.

RFA
• Stability measurements at implant insertion had a mean ISQ of
68 ± 8.2 (range: 46 to 77) for all implants.
• The mean value was 72 ± 5.8 (range: 58 to 81) at the second
operation for changing to a healing abutment.

Discussion
• Horizontal atrophy of the alveolar region may render implant placement difficulty
compromising prosthetic rehabilitation.
• Various surgical techniques have been developed to solve this problem which
include autogenous or artificial bone grafts and the split crest technique.
• These conventional procedures have certain disadvantages including donor site
morbidity, unpredictable bone resorption and difficulties with soft tissue coverage.

• DO is an innovative procedure used to avoid donor site morbidity problems with soft
tissue coverage and limited augmentation.
• However, disadvantages were also apparent including the need for daily manual
activation and a second operation to remove the device and risk of infection from
the activation rod.
• Previous experimental studies showed that bone regeneration might occur in secure
regions under the periosteum.
• Lethaus et al found no difference in bone formation after performance of dynamic
and static procedures in which space was created under a titanium mesh.*
Lethaus B, Tudor C, Bumiller L, Birkholz T, Wiltfang J, Kessler P. Guided bone regeneration: Dynamic procedures
versus static shielding in an animal model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010;95:126–130.

• CBR is a static procedure: A secure space is created under the periosteum via lateral
replacement of a buccal cortical bone block.
• CBR is a one-stage procedure (postoperative activation is not required) which allows
– Full defect coverage with soft tissue
– Requires minimal materials
– Can be performed in a single surgical field
– Lacks donor site morbidity
– Rapid.

• The shell technique is similar to CBR.
• It also creates a space under the periosteum with biomaterials (a bone block or
segmented bone) that is fixed with titanium miniplates and screws.
• An autogenous bone block is still used to create or protect the space under the
periosteum.
• Furthermore, it seems to take time to adjust the bone segment or biomaterial to fit
the defect area by grinding or cutting the interference area.
• The cortical bone block in the CBR technique is made from the defect area, so there
is no need to adjust the form to fit the defect area as the bone segment is simply
fixed with adequate space between the block and the harvested lingual or palatal
cortex.

• Conventional grafting is associated with donor site morbidity.*
• The use of allografts and xenografts has been advocated to avoid donor site
morbidity.
• However, such grafts may be associated with infections, resorption after grafting
and additional costs.
Buser D, Brägger U, Lang NP, Nyman S. Regeneration and enlargement of jaw bone using guided tissue regeneration. Clin
Oral Implants Res 1990;1:22–32.
Chiapasco M, Zaniboni M. Clinical outcomes of GBR procedures to correct peri-implant dehiscences and fenestrations: A
systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009;20(Suppl 4):113–123.

• Osteosynthesis is a standard method in oral and maxillofacial surgery especially for
– Open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF)
– Orthognathic surgery
– Jaw reconstructive surgery.*
• Screw fixation must be rigid to afford adequate strength and stability for mastication.
• Two forms of screw fixation are available: lag screw and position screw fixation.
• The position screw technique affords adequate fixation without compression.
• The bone segment and the original bone must be held in alignment according to the pilot
screw hole and subsequently the screw itself engages both bone substitutes.
• The interbone gap can be maintained and the length of the gap can be controlled during
the screwing procedure.

• The CBR technique is applied to maintain the lateral cortical bone block laterally
against the overlying soft tissue including the periosteum.
• This intercortical bone gap may induce bone healing not only inside but surrounding
the bone gap between the bone block and original bone surface.
• Secure fixation is needed to achieve stability - The use of two fixation screws is
appropriate to avoid the rotational movement of the block possible with one-screw
fixation.

• Bone regeneration after application of CBR appears to differ from that after bone
grafting.
• In the grafted area, consolidation of augmentation material involves the formation
of a graft-woven bone complex which is remodeled into lamellar bone and can
accept functional loading.*
• However, bone healing after DO occurs via callus formation which is similar to the
fracture-healing process is characterized by overlapping modeling and exhibiting
regional acceleration.*
• Regeneration after CBR is similar to bone healing after a fracture - The osteotomized
bone block is located laterally and does not overlap the cortical bone.

• RFA can provide an objective evaluation of implant stability and evidence for
extending implant osseointegration.*
• In the present study the ISQ ranged between 46 and 74 (mean: 68) at implant
insertion and between 58 and 81 (mean: 72) at the secondary operation for setting
the healing abutment.
• The value increased in all cases during this period suggesting that bone integration
or remodeling progressed between the CBR part and the surrounding original bone
tissue.
• Ersanli S, Karabuda C, Beck F, Leblebicioglu B. Resonance frequency analysis of one-stage dental implant stability
during the osseointegration period. J Periodontol 2005;76:1066–1071.
• Sim CP, Lang NP. Factors influencing resonance frequency analysis assessed by Osstell mentor during implant tissue
integration: I. Instrument positioning, bone structure, implant length. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010;21:598–604.

• An extremely narrow alveolar bone with a small marrow space is at higher risk of
cracking or fracturing the cortical bone block at the point of separation from the
original bone.
• Thus indications for CBR include cases with cancellous bony areas between the
lateral and medial cortical bone.
• Furthermore, the initial stability of the bone block is dependent on adequate screw
fixation at the palatal or lingual cortex - Poor cortex quality is associated with a risk
of fixation failure.
• It is better to advise the patient to accept conventional grafting when block fixation
is unstable.

Conclusions
• An advantage of the CBR technique versus autogenous grafts is
the lack of donor site issues.
• The technique has the possibility of inducing the patient’s
regenerative ability for bone healing.
• Further clinical and experimental studies are needed to
demonstrate the stability and healing process for the
treatment of horizontal defects in the alveolar region.

REFERENCE
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REFERENCE
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period. J Periodontol 2005;76:1066–1071.
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positioning, bone structure, implant length. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010;21:598–604.

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