![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30567 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2020 Page 554
Touching such an object by other person or breathing the
droplets spread in air while coughing or exhaling by patient
leads to infection towards that person. The existence and
survival period of virus on the surface is not certain but it
seems to be as like other coronaviruses. Studies reveals that
the virus may persist on surfaces for a few hours or up to
several days and variation depends upon the typeofsurface,
temperature or humidity of environment8, 9.
1.3. Symptoms
Symptoms vary from person-to-person with COVID-19. It
may produce few or no symptoms. However, it can also lead
to severe illness and may be fatal. Common symptoms
include:8, 9
Fever
Tiredness and
Dry cough
Some patients may suffer from aches and pain, nasal
congestions, runny nose , sore throatordiarrhea.Itmaytake
2–14 days for a person to notice symptoms after infection.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggest that several
groups of people have the highest risk of developing
complications due to COVID-19. These groups include:8, 9
Young children
65 years or elder people
Pregnant women
1.4. Diagnosis & Treatment:
As the reported symptoms range from mild to severe, with
some cases even resulting in death ; the complete clinical
manifestation is not yet clear. Fever, decrease in
lymphocytes and white blood cells, new pulmonary
infiltrates on chest radiography are some kind of symptoms
appeared in case studies. The main diagnostic technique
involves real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR) tests for COVID-19 nucleic acid which
detect the positive nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 in sputum,
throat swabs, and secretions of the lower respiratory tract
samples. No fixed treatment yet determined for COVID-19;
but antibiotics in stage I and antibacterial, antiviral proves
some effectiveness from previous management cases of
SERS-CoV and MERS-CoV1, 8.
1.5. Prevention and control:
Till now, there is no any approved vaccine or any drug for
the treatment of infection by COVID-19, it is precaution and
not the treatment is the best way to fight against it. Some
protective measures to proposed prevention are as follows
8,9
to avoid being exposed to the virus
use of face masks; covering coughs and sneezes with
tissues or a flexed elbow to cover the cough or sneeze)
regular hand washing with soap or disinfection with
hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol
avoidance of contact with infected people and from
touching eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
1.6. Conclusion:
The above discussion focuses on the currentoutbreak ofand
explores the epidemiology,causes,clinical manifestation and
diagnosis, and prevention and control of the novel
coronavirus. WHO, Government and different national
agencies takes the steps to prevent the further spread of
COVID-19. We hope further research will provide valid and
reliable ways to manage COVID-19 as public health
emergencies.
References
[1] Sasmita Poudel Adhikari1, Sha Meng1, Yu-Ju Wu1, Yu-
Ping Mao2, Rui-Xue Ye1, Qing-Zhi Wang1, Chang Sun1,
Sean Sylvia3, Scott Rozelle4, Hein Raat5 and Huan
Zhou1. (2020). Epidemiology, causes, clinical
manifestation and diagnosis, preventionandcontrol of
coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early
outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious Diseases
of Poverty, 9-29.
[2] Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., H. Clifford Lane, M.D., and
Robert R. Redfield,M.D.(2020).Covid-19—Navigating
the Uncharted, , The new England journal o f medicine,
10(1056), 1-2
[3] Md Mahbub Hossain.(2020). Current Status of Global
Research on Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19),
SSRN, 1-23
[4] WMHC. Wuhan Municipal Health and Health
Commission’s Briefing on the Current Pneumonia
Epidemic Situation in Our City. 2020.
http://wjw.wuhan.gov.cn/front/web/showDetail/201
9123108989. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.
[5] Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early
transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel
coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
[6] CDC. 2019 Novel coronavirus, Wuhan, China. 2020.
https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-
nCoV/summary.html. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.
[7] Coronavirus: covid-19 has killed more people than
SARS and MERS combined, despite lower case fatality
rate, Elisabeth Mahase, BMJ 2020;368
[8] WHO. Novel Coronavirus–China. 2020.
https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-
novel-coronavirus-china/en/. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.
[9] www.googl.com](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/112covid-19ascopingreview-200601114227/85/COVID-19-A-Scoping-Review-2-320.jpg)
COVID 19 A Scoping Review
- 1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume 4 Issue 3, April 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30567 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2020 Page 553 COVID-19: A Scoping Review Sameer Pawar1, Sayali Budhwant1, Ketan Shinde2, Ashwini Sable2 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2Department of Pharmaceutics, 1,2Genba Soanrao Moze College of Pharmacy, Baif Raod, Wagholi, Pune, Maharashtra, India ABSTRACT The whole world is under the threatens of respiratory disease caused by infections of coronavirus. The latest threat to global health is the ongoing outbreak of the respiratory disease that was recently given the name Coronavirus Disease This article trying tofocusonthecurrentoutbreak ofand explores the epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, and prevention and control of the novel coronavirus. The aim of this article to provide valid and reliable information and increasing awareness about the COVID-19. KEYWORDS: Covid-19, coronavirus How to cite this paper: Sameer Pawar | Sayali Budhwant | Ketan Shinde | Ashwini Sable "COVID-19: A Scoping Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- 6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3, April 2020, pp.553-554, URL: www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30567.pdf Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and International Journal ofTrendinScientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0) 1.1. INTRODUCTION The latest threat to global health is the ongoing outbreak of the respiratory disease that was recently given the name Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19).1 Researchers first isolated a coronavirus in 1937. They found a coronavirus responsible for an infectious bronchitis virus in birds that had the ability to devastatepoultrystocks.Thename“corona virus” comes from the crown-like projections on their surfaces.2 “Corona” in Latin means “halo” or “crown.” Coronaviruses are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses.3 Coronaviruses belong to the subfamily Coronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae. Different types of human coronaviruses vary in how severe the resulting disease becomes, and how far they can spread. Doctors currently recognize seven types of coronavirusthatcaninfecthumans. Common types include:8, 9 229E (alpha coronavirus) NL63 (alpha coronavirus) OC43 (beta coronavirus) HKU1 (beta coronavirus) In 2019, a new strain called SARS-CoV-2 started circulating, causing the disease COVID-19. In December 2019, the phenomenon of collective pneumonia appearedinthe South China seafood market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.4 It was rapidly shown to be caused by a novel coronavirus that is structurally related to the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). As in twoprecedinginstances of emergence of coronavirus disease in the past 18 years2: SARS (2002 and 2003) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (2012 to the present). Rarer strains that cause more severe complications include MERS-CoV, which causes Middle Eastrespiratorysyndrome(MERS),andSARS- CoV, the virus responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).5 Referencing a news that was based on 44 000 confirmed cases, it was said that 14% of cases of covid-19 were severe, causing pneumonia and shortness of breath, and that about 5% of patients had critical disease, including respiratory failure, septic shock, and multiorgan failure.7 Stage of severity Rough percentage of people with COVID-19 Mild disease from which a person can recover More than 80% Severe disease, causing breathlessness and pneumonia Around 14% Critical disease, including septic shock, respiratory failure, and the failure of more than one organ About 5% Fatal disease 2% Table no 1.1 severity stage with % of people infected 1.2. Mode of transmission It is contagious disease. The disease can spread from person to person through small droplets from the nose or mouth when infected one cough or exhales. The droplets with virus land on the objects and surfaces around the person. IJTSRD30567
- 2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30567 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2020 Page 554 Touching such an object by other person or breathing the droplets spread in air while coughing or exhaling by patient leads to infection towards that person. The existence and survival period of virus on the surface is not certain but it seems to be as like other coronaviruses. Studies reveals that the virus may persist on surfaces for a few hours or up to several days and variation depends upon the typeofsurface, temperature or humidity of environment8, 9. 1.3. Symptoms Symptoms vary from person-to-person with COVID-19. It may produce few or no symptoms. However, it can also lead to severe illness and may be fatal. Common symptoms include:8, 9 Fever Tiredness and Dry cough Some patients may suffer from aches and pain, nasal congestions, runny nose , sore throatordiarrhea.Itmaytake 2–14 days for a person to notice symptoms after infection. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggest that several groups of people have the highest risk of developing complications due to COVID-19. These groups include:8, 9 Young children 65 years or elder people Pregnant women 1.4. Diagnosis & Treatment: As the reported symptoms range from mild to severe, with some cases even resulting in death ; the complete clinical manifestation is not yet clear. Fever, decrease in lymphocytes and white blood cells, new pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiography are some kind of symptoms appeared in case studies. The main diagnostic technique involves real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests for COVID-19 nucleic acid which detect the positive nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 in sputum, throat swabs, and secretions of the lower respiratory tract samples. No fixed treatment yet determined for COVID-19; but antibiotics in stage I and antibacterial, antiviral proves some effectiveness from previous management cases of SERS-CoV and MERS-CoV1, 8. 1.5. Prevention and control: Till now, there is no any approved vaccine or any drug for the treatment of infection by COVID-19, it is precaution and not the treatment is the best way to fight against it. Some protective measures to proposed prevention are as follows 8,9 to avoid being exposed to the virus use of face masks; covering coughs and sneezes with tissues or a flexed elbow to cover the cough or sneeze) regular hand washing with soap or disinfection with hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol avoidance of contact with infected people and from touching eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands. 1.6. Conclusion: The above discussion focuses on the currentoutbreak ofand explores the epidemiology,causes,clinical manifestation and diagnosis, and prevention and control of the novel coronavirus. WHO, Government and different national agencies takes the steps to prevent the further spread of COVID-19. We hope further research will provide valid and reliable ways to manage COVID-19 as public health emergencies. References [1] Sasmita Poudel Adhikari1, Sha Meng1, Yu-Ju Wu1, Yu- Ping Mao2, Rui-Xue Ye1, Qing-Zhi Wang1, Chang Sun1, Sean Sylvia3, Scott Rozelle4, Hein Raat5 and Huan Zhou1. (2020). Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, preventionandcontrol of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9-29. [2] Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., H. Clifford Lane, M.D., and Robert R. Redfield,M.D.(2020).Covid-19—Navigating the Uncharted, , The new England journal o f medicine, 10(1056), 1-2 [3] Md Mahbub Hossain.(2020). Current Status of Global Research on Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), SSRN, 1-23 [4] WMHC. Wuhan Municipal Health and Health Commission’s Briefing on the Current Pneumonia Epidemic Situation in Our City. 2020. http://wjw.wuhan.gov.cn/front/web/showDetail/201 9123108989. Accessed 1 Feb 2020. [5] Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. [6] CDC. 2019 Novel coronavirus, Wuhan, China. 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019- nCoV/summary.html. Accessed 1 Feb 2020. [7] Coronavirus: covid-19 has killed more people than SARS and MERS combined, despite lower case fatality rate, Elisabeth Mahase, BMJ 2020;368 [8] WHO. Novel Coronavirus–China. 2020. https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020- novel-coronavirus-china/en/. Accessed 1 Feb 2020. [9] www.googl.com