CPR in prone position
1 like2,187 views
1) A 77-year-old woman underwent surgery to remove a meningioma in the prone position. During the surgery, her sagittal sinus was ruptured, causing hemorrhagic shock and cardiac arrest. 2) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was immediately performed in the prone position, with chest compressions to the thoracic spine. 3) After two minutes of CPR, the patient's spontaneous circulation returned. She was discharged from the hospital without complications.
![Open Journal of Anesthesiology, 2012, 2, 199-201 199
doi:10.4236/ojanes.2012.25045 Published Online November 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ojanes)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Prone Position
Daiana de Souza Gomes, Carlos Darcy Alves Bersot
Department of Anesthesia at the Lagoa Federal Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Email: cet.lagoa@gmail.com
Received August 10th, 2012; revised September 15th, 2012; accepted September 30th, 2012
ABSTRACT
Cardiac arrest in unusual positions represents an additional challenge for anesthesiologists. This paper reports a
successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation during neurosurgical procedure in which high-quality chest compressions was
performed in the prone position. The aim of this report is disclose the knowledge of resuscitation maneuvers in a
position other than supine. A 77-year-old female patient presented for excision of parietal-occipital meningioma in the
prone position with the head fixed on a Mayfield head-holder. During the surgical procedure the sagittal sinus was
disrupted. The patient presented an abrupt hemorrhagic shock leading to a cardiac arrest by hypovolemia despite
vigorous volume replacement. Cardiac massage was promptly initiated in the prone position. After two minutes, there
was a return of spontaneous circulation. The patient was discharged without sequelae. We concluded that high-quality
chest compressions in the prone position were able to generate sufficient cardiac output.
Keywords: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Prone Position; Cardiac Arrest
1. Introduction were placed under the trunk and the head was fixed on a
Mayfield head-holder with pins inserted into the skull.
Cardiac arrest is the outcome most feared by both anes-
Five hours later, there was accidental rupture of sagittal
thesiologists and surgeons, especially within the context
sinus which led to an abrupt hemorrhagic shock. The
of an elective procedure. Cardiac arrest in unusual posi-
bleeding amount was estimated in 3.0 liters in approxi-
tions, such as the prone position, represents an additional
challenge primarily because the knowledge about the mately 5 minutes. During the event, despite vigorous
technique is not so release and the effectiveness of ex- volume replacement started (1500mL of crystalloids plus
ternal chest compressions over the back has not recog- 1000mL of colloid solutions), the patient developed se-
nizes widely. The current methods used are adapted from vere bradycardia, decrease in PetCO2 with MAP and
the technique of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in pulse wave undetectable by invasive monitoring.
the supine position. The learning about this issue is Cardiac massage was promptly initiated in the prone
mainly based on case reports and there are no specific position with rhythmic manual compression to the medial
guidelines on how to proceed in these circumstances. portion of the thoracic spine. There was no counter-
pressure sternal support. The frequency of compressions
2. Case Report remained above 100 per minute, the PetCO2 greater than
15 mmHg and DBP greater than 30 mmHg. After two
A 77-years-old female patient, 155 cm, 53 kg, presented minutes, there was a return of spontaneous circulation
for excision of highly vascularized parietal-occipital me- and hemodynamic parameters improved. Three hours
ningioma on the right side. The patient was otherwise in later, the patient was transferred to ICU intubated with
good health. Preoperative haematological and biochemi- small doses of norepinephrine and was discharged from
cal investigations revealed no abnormalities. After basic the ICU on the third postoperative day without sequelae.
monitoring and venipuncture, general anaesthesia was
induced with midazolam, fentanyl and propofol. Tracheal 3. Discussion
intubation was facilitated by vecuronium and anaesthesia
was maintained with oxygen and sevoflurane. Radial The technique of cardiac massage by external chest
artery cannulation for direct arterial pressure monitoring compressions (ECC) was developed for CPR in the su-
and central venous catheterization by right subclavian pine position by Kouwernhoven et al. in 1960 [1]. Hu-
vein was performed. man studies on the effectiveness of resuscitation in the
The patient was placed in the prone position. Cushions prone position have significant ethical obstacles but some
Copyright © 2012 SciRes. OJAnes](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ojanes2012050000114738359-1-130224074334-phpapp02/85/CPR-in-prone-position-1-320.jpg)
![200 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Prone Position
studies suggest that CPR in the prone position is most defibrillation should be attempted in the prone position,
advantageous, generating higher blood pressures when as turning the patient supine would consume valuable
compared to supine position [2-4]. Several case reports minutes and reduce the chances of successful defibrilla-
have confirmed that the posterior thoracic compressions tion [10].
are able to generate sufficient cardiac output. Since 2005 the AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC
The first case report of successful CPR in the prone recommended that CPR in the prone position may be
position was described by Sun et al. in 1992. The report reasonable when the patient cannot be replaced in the
consisted of two neurosurgical cases of CPR after acute supine position without prejudice, particularly in hospi-
hypovolemia. Both cases were resuscitated with the talized patients with an advanced airway in place [11].
technique named by the author as “reverse precordial In 2010, the AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC has
compression maneuver” with one hand placed on the not reviewed this issue [12]. However, the new guide-
back of the patient, in the mid-thoracic spine, and the lines increased focus on methods to ensure that high-
other hand placed on the lower third of the sternum serv- quality CPR is performed by setting targets for rate and
ing as counter-pressure to the compression of the back. depth of compressions as well as minimum values ob-
According to the author, that second hand can be re- tained from the monitoring devices as capnography and
placed by rigid devices on the same site [5]. continuous arterial line.
Several techniques have been described since: with or There is no specific recommendation on the frequency
without counter-pressure device; with compressions either and depth of compressions to the patient in the prone
directly over the thoracic spine or adjacent to the thoracic position. Parallel to the recommendation given to pa-
spine on both sides if an incision is present. tients in supination, in our case, the frequency was main-
Brown et al. reported a systematic review of literature tained above 100 cpm and depth sufficient to produce
and found only 22 cases of CPR in the prone position good perfusion indicators but without generating insta-
published from 1966 to 1999, with survival of 10 patients bility between the thoracic and cervical spine, which was
[6]. Since then, few cases have reported prone CPR in fixed by Manfield head-holder.
database Medline (2000-2010). The patient chest was not attached to the surgical
Dooney describes one case of sudden profound brady- stretcher. However, in the case described, we had the
cardia and transient asystole during lumbar microscopic necessary monitoring to ensure that the ECC was being
discectomy, which required initial CPR in the prone po- effective, fulfilling criteria of quality, despite the absence
sition [7]. Haffner et al. reported another case of CPR in of sternal counter-pressure device. During the event,
the prone position during evacuation of cerebellar hema- capnometry has remained above 15 mmHg and DBP
toma [8]. In both cases, the resuscitation was initiated in greater than 30 mmHg. After two minutes of CPR in the
the prone position to decrease the no-flow-time. The re- prone position combined with volume replacement, there
turn of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) started before was a return of spontaneous circulation. The patient was
turning the patient to the supine position. In some in- discharged from the hospital seven days later after an
stances such as these reports, the cardiac arrest may be uneventfully recovery.
transient and turning the patient may not be necessary We conclude that resuscitation in the prone position
and resuscitation in the prone position was equally as was able to generate sufficient cardiac output while the
effective as in the traditional position. correction of hypovolemia was performed, contributing
Beltran et al. present two cases of cardiopulmonary to the good outcome achieved. In agreement with other
arrest and unsuccessful attempts at resuscitation after authors, we believe that the immediate beginning of CPR,
repositioning supine [9]. In these cases, the surgical site even in the prone position, is the best choice to these
of bleeding became inaccessible after repositioning, lead- patients.
ing to the question of whether prone resuscitation would
have provided a better alternative. These cases suggest REFERENCES
that the prone position should be considered as the opti-
[1] W. B. Kuowenhoven, J. R. Jude and G. G. Knickerbocker,
mal choice for CPR in certain limited circumstances, even
“Closed Chest Cardiac Massage”, Journal of the Ameri-
if the supine position is achievable. can Medical Association, Vol. 173, No. 10, 1960, pp.
Even in VT/VF cases, there is successful ROSC after 1064-1067. doi:10.1001/jama.1960.03020280004002
electric therapy in the prone position, without the neces- [2] J. A. Stewart, “Resuscitating an Idea: Prone PCR”, Re-
sity of repositioning the patient. Miranda et al. described suscitation, Vol. 54, No. 3, 2002, pp. 231-234.
a case in which electrical defibrillation was successfully doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(02)00145-4
performed in the prone position in a patient undergoing [3] S. P. Mazer et al., “Reverse CPR: A Pilot Study of CPR
complex spinal surgery. They suggest that, if defibrilla- in the Prone Position”, Resuscitation, Vol. 57, No. 3, 2003,
tion were required in ventilated patients positioned prone, pp. 279-285. doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(03)00037-6
Copyright © 2012 SciRes. OJAnes](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ojanes2012050000114738359-1-130224074334-phpapp02/85/CPR-in-prone-position-2-320.jpg)
![Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Prone Position 201
[4] J. Wei, “Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Prone doi:10.1007/s00101-010-1785-8
Position: A Simplified Method of Outpatients”, Resusci- [9] S. L. Beltran and G. A. Mashour, “Unsuccessful Cardio-
tation, Vol. 62, No. 1, 2004, pp. 120-121. pulmonary Resuscitation in Neurosurgery: Is the Supine
doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.03.007 Position Always Optimal?” Anesthesiology, Vol. 108, No.
[5] W. Z. Sun et al., “Successful Cardiopulmonary Resusci- 1, 2008, pp. 163-164.
tation of Two Patients in the Prone Position Using Re- doi:10.1097/01.anes.0000296716.56374.49
versed Precordial Compression”, Anesthesiology, Vol. 77, [10] C. C. Miranda and D. C. Newton, “Successful Defibrilla-
No. 1, 1992, pp. 202-204. tion in the Prone Position”, British Journal of Anaesthesia,
doi:10.1097/00000542-199207000-00027 Vol. 87, No. 6, 2000, pp. 937-938.
[6] J. Brown, J. Rogers and J. Soar, “Cardiac Arrest during doi:10.1093/bja/87.6.937
Surgery and Ventilation in the Prone Position: A Case [11] ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the
Report and Systematic Review”, Resuscitation, Vol. 50, American Heart Association, “2005 American Heart As-
No. 2, 2001, pp. 233-238. sociation Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(01)00362-8 and Emergency Cardiovascular Care,” Circulation, Vol.
[7] N. M. Dooney, “Prone CPR for Transient Asystole during 112, No. 24, 2005, p. 27.
Lumbosacral Spinal Surgery”, Anaesthesia and Intensive [12] American Heart Association, “2010 American Heart As-
Care, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2010, pp. 212-213. sociation Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
[8] E. Haffner, A. M. Sostarich and T. Fösel, “Successful and Emergency Cardiovascular Care,” Circulation, Vol.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Prone Position”, Der 122, No. 18, 2010, p. 721.
Anaesthesist, Vol. 59, No. 12, 2010, pp. 1099-1101.
Copyright © 2012 SciRes. OJAnes](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ojanes2012050000114738359-1-130224074334-phpapp02/85/CPR-in-prone-position-3-320.jpg)
CPR in prone position
- 1. Open Journal of Anesthesiology, 2012, 2, 199-201 199 doi:10.4236/ojanes.2012.25045 Published Online November 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ojanes) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Prone Position Daiana de Souza Gomes, Carlos Darcy Alves Bersot Department of Anesthesia at the Lagoa Federal Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Email: cet.lagoa@gmail.com Received August 10th, 2012; revised September 15th, 2012; accepted September 30th, 2012 ABSTRACT Cardiac arrest in unusual positions represents an additional challenge for anesthesiologists. This paper reports a successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation during neurosurgical procedure in which high-quality chest compressions was performed in the prone position. The aim of this report is disclose the knowledge of resuscitation maneuvers in a position other than supine. A 77-year-old female patient presented for excision of parietal-occipital meningioma in the prone position with the head fixed on a Mayfield head-holder. During the surgical procedure the sagittal sinus was disrupted. The patient presented an abrupt hemorrhagic shock leading to a cardiac arrest by hypovolemia despite vigorous volume replacement. Cardiac massage was promptly initiated in the prone position. After two minutes, there was a return of spontaneous circulation. The patient was discharged without sequelae. We concluded that high-quality chest compressions in the prone position were able to generate sufficient cardiac output. Keywords: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Prone Position; Cardiac Arrest 1. Introduction were placed under the trunk and the head was fixed on a Mayfield head-holder with pins inserted into the skull. Cardiac arrest is the outcome most feared by both anes- Five hours later, there was accidental rupture of sagittal thesiologists and surgeons, especially within the context sinus which led to an abrupt hemorrhagic shock. The of an elective procedure. Cardiac arrest in unusual posi- bleeding amount was estimated in 3.0 liters in approxi- tions, such as the prone position, represents an additional challenge primarily because the knowledge about the mately 5 minutes. During the event, despite vigorous technique is not so release and the effectiveness of ex- volume replacement started (1500mL of crystalloids plus ternal chest compressions over the back has not recog- 1000mL of colloid solutions), the patient developed se- nizes widely. The current methods used are adapted from vere bradycardia, decrease in PetCO2 with MAP and the technique of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in pulse wave undetectable by invasive monitoring. the supine position. The learning about this issue is Cardiac massage was promptly initiated in the prone mainly based on case reports and there are no specific position with rhythmic manual compression to the medial guidelines on how to proceed in these circumstances. portion of the thoracic spine. There was no counter- pressure sternal support. The frequency of compressions 2. Case Report remained above 100 per minute, the PetCO2 greater than 15 mmHg and DBP greater than 30 mmHg. After two A 77-years-old female patient, 155 cm, 53 kg, presented minutes, there was a return of spontaneous circulation for excision of highly vascularized parietal-occipital me- and hemodynamic parameters improved. Three hours ningioma on the right side. The patient was otherwise in later, the patient was transferred to ICU intubated with good health. Preoperative haematological and biochemi- small doses of norepinephrine and was discharged from cal investigations revealed no abnormalities. After basic the ICU on the third postoperative day without sequelae. monitoring and venipuncture, general anaesthesia was induced with midazolam, fentanyl and propofol. Tracheal 3. Discussion intubation was facilitated by vecuronium and anaesthesia was maintained with oxygen and sevoflurane. Radial The technique of cardiac massage by external chest artery cannulation for direct arterial pressure monitoring compressions (ECC) was developed for CPR in the su- and central venous catheterization by right subclavian pine position by Kouwernhoven et al. in 1960 [1]. Hu- vein was performed. man studies on the effectiveness of resuscitation in the The patient was placed in the prone position. Cushions prone position have significant ethical obstacles but some Copyright © 2012 SciRes. OJAnes
- 2. 200 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Prone Position studies suggest that CPR in the prone position is most defibrillation should be attempted in the prone position, advantageous, generating higher blood pressures when as turning the patient supine would consume valuable compared to supine position [2-4]. Several case reports minutes and reduce the chances of successful defibrilla- have confirmed that the posterior thoracic compressions tion [10]. are able to generate sufficient cardiac output. Since 2005 the AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC The first case report of successful CPR in the prone recommended that CPR in the prone position may be position was described by Sun et al. in 1992. The report reasonable when the patient cannot be replaced in the consisted of two neurosurgical cases of CPR after acute supine position without prejudice, particularly in hospi- hypovolemia. Both cases were resuscitated with the talized patients with an advanced airway in place [11]. technique named by the author as “reverse precordial In 2010, the AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC has compression maneuver” with one hand placed on the not reviewed this issue [12]. However, the new guide- back of the patient, in the mid-thoracic spine, and the lines increased focus on methods to ensure that high- other hand placed on the lower third of the sternum serv- quality CPR is performed by setting targets for rate and ing as counter-pressure to the compression of the back. depth of compressions as well as minimum values ob- According to the author, that second hand can be re- tained from the monitoring devices as capnography and placed by rigid devices on the same site [5]. continuous arterial line. Several techniques have been described since: with or There is no specific recommendation on the frequency without counter-pressure device; with compressions either and depth of compressions to the patient in the prone directly over the thoracic spine or adjacent to the thoracic position. Parallel to the recommendation given to pa- spine on both sides if an incision is present. tients in supination, in our case, the frequency was main- Brown et al. reported a systematic review of literature tained above 100 cpm and depth sufficient to produce and found only 22 cases of CPR in the prone position good perfusion indicators but without generating insta- published from 1966 to 1999, with survival of 10 patients bility between the thoracic and cervical spine, which was [6]. Since then, few cases have reported prone CPR in fixed by Manfield head-holder. database Medline (2000-2010). The patient chest was not attached to the surgical Dooney describes one case of sudden profound brady- stretcher. However, in the case described, we had the cardia and transient asystole during lumbar microscopic necessary monitoring to ensure that the ECC was being discectomy, which required initial CPR in the prone po- effective, fulfilling criteria of quality, despite the absence sition [7]. Haffner et al. reported another case of CPR in of sternal counter-pressure device. During the event, the prone position during evacuation of cerebellar hema- capnometry has remained above 15 mmHg and DBP toma [8]. In both cases, the resuscitation was initiated in greater than 30 mmHg. After two minutes of CPR in the the prone position to decrease the no-flow-time. The re- prone position combined with volume replacement, there turn of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) started before was a return of spontaneous circulation. The patient was turning the patient to the supine position. In some in- discharged from the hospital seven days later after an stances such as these reports, the cardiac arrest may be uneventfully recovery. transient and turning the patient may not be necessary We conclude that resuscitation in the prone position and resuscitation in the prone position was equally as was able to generate sufficient cardiac output while the effective as in the traditional position. correction of hypovolemia was performed, contributing Beltran et al. present two cases of cardiopulmonary to the good outcome achieved. In agreement with other arrest and unsuccessful attempts at resuscitation after authors, we believe that the immediate beginning of CPR, repositioning supine [9]. In these cases, the surgical site even in the prone position, is the best choice to these of bleeding became inaccessible after repositioning, lead- patients. ing to the question of whether prone resuscitation would have provided a better alternative. These cases suggest REFERENCES that the prone position should be considered as the opti- [1] W. B. Kuowenhoven, J. R. Jude and G. G. Knickerbocker, mal choice for CPR in certain limited circumstances, even “Closed Chest Cardiac Massage”, Journal of the Ameri- if the supine position is achievable. can Medical Association, Vol. 173, No. 10, 1960, pp. Even in VT/VF cases, there is successful ROSC after 1064-1067. doi:10.1001/jama.1960.03020280004002 electric therapy in the prone position, without the neces- [2] J. A. Stewart, “Resuscitating an Idea: Prone PCR”, Re- sity of repositioning the patient. Miranda et al. described suscitation, Vol. 54, No. 3, 2002, pp. 231-234. a case in which electrical defibrillation was successfully doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(02)00145-4 performed in the prone position in a patient undergoing [3] S. P. Mazer et al., “Reverse CPR: A Pilot Study of CPR complex spinal surgery. They suggest that, if defibrilla- in the Prone Position”, Resuscitation, Vol. 57, No. 3, 2003, tion were required in ventilated patients positioned prone, pp. 279-285. doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(03)00037-6 Copyright © 2012 SciRes. OJAnes
- 3. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Prone Position 201 [4] J. Wei, “Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Prone doi:10.1007/s00101-010-1785-8 Position: A Simplified Method of Outpatients”, Resusci- [9] S. L. Beltran and G. A. Mashour, “Unsuccessful Cardio- tation, Vol. 62, No. 1, 2004, pp. 120-121. pulmonary Resuscitation in Neurosurgery: Is the Supine doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.03.007 Position Always Optimal?” Anesthesiology, Vol. 108, No. [5] W. Z. Sun et al., “Successful Cardiopulmonary Resusci- 1, 2008, pp. 163-164. tation of Two Patients in the Prone Position Using Re- doi:10.1097/01.anes.0000296716.56374.49 versed Precordial Compression”, Anesthesiology, Vol. 77, [10] C. C. Miranda and D. C. Newton, “Successful Defibrilla- No. 1, 1992, pp. 202-204. tion in the Prone Position”, British Journal of Anaesthesia, doi:10.1097/00000542-199207000-00027 Vol. 87, No. 6, 2000, pp. 937-938. [6] J. Brown, J. Rogers and J. Soar, “Cardiac Arrest during doi:10.1093/bja/87.6.937 Surgery and Ventilation in the Prone Position: A Case [11] ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the Report and Systematic Review”, Resuscitation, Vol. 50, American Heart Association, “2005 American Heart As- No. 2, 2001, pp. 233-238. sociation Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(01)00362-8 and Emergency Cardiovascular Care,” Circulation, Vol. [7] N. M. Dooney, “Prone CPR for Transient Asystole during 112, No. 24, 2005, p. 27. Lumbosacral Spinal Surgery”, Anaesthesia and Intensive [12] American Heart Association, “2010 American Heart As- Care, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2010, pp. 212-213. sociation Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation [8] E. Haffner, A. M. Sostarich and T. Fösel, “Successful and Emergency Cardiovascular Care,” Circulation, Vol. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Prone Position”, Der 122, No. 18, 2010, p. 721. Anaesthesist, Vol. 59, No. 12, 2010, pp. 1099-1101. Copyright © 2012 SciRes. OJAnes