Crop Production and Management part 2.ppt
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CLASS 8 CROP PRODUCTION LECTURE PART 2
Crop Production and Management part 2.ppt
- 2. Agricultural implements • Agricultural implements used for loosening and turning the soil are Plough Hoe Cultivator
- 3. Plough Wooden plough consists of a long log of wood which is called plough shaft. Handle at one end of the ploughed shaft Below the handle is a strong triangular iron strip called ploughshare The other end of ploughshaft can be attached to a wooden beam which is fixed at right angles to the ploughshaft. Beam is placed over the neck of two bullocks to pull the plough. Plough is drawn by a pair of bullocks.
- 5. Hoe
- 6. Hoe Used for removing weeds and loosening and turning the soil. Consist of a long rod of wood or iron Handle (having grip) at one end of the hoe A strong, broad and bent plate of iron is fixed below the handle and act like a blade. Other end of Hoe has a beam which is put on the neck of bullocks
- 7. Cultivator • Cultivator- tractor driven implement • Has many ploughshares • Many fields can be ploughed in a short time • Saves labour and time
- 8. Sowing Process of scattering seeds (or putting seeds) in the ground soil or growing the crop plants Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected Good quality seeds are clean and healthy, free from infection and diseases.
- 9. Selection of seeds • Put all the seeds in a bucket containing water and stir well. Most of the seeds will settle down at the bottom whereas some seeds will float on top. • The seeds which sink at the bottom of the bucket are the healthy seeds. • On the other hand the seeds which float on water are the spoiled seeds.
- 10. Methods of sowing seeds 1. Sowing by hand 2. Sowing with a seed drill Sowing by hand : Sowing of seeds by hand or manually is called broadcasting . This method is not very good because there is no proper spacing or proper depth at which the seeds are sown. Seeds scattered on the surface of the soil for sowing can be picked up and eaten by the birds
- 11. The seed drill is tied to back of the plough and seeds are put into the funnel of the seed drill. As the plough makes furrows in the soil ,the seeds from the seed drill are gradually released and sown into the soil furrows made by the plough. Sowing with a seed drill The implement used for sowing is a seed drill . Long iron tube having a funnel at the top.
- 12. By using a seed drill, seeds are sown at the correct depth and correct interval or spacing. Seeds sown with a seed drill are in regular rows. Seeds get covered by soil. Due to this seeds cannot be picked up and eaten by the birds. Sowing with seed drill is much better than sowing by hand.
- 13. • Tractor driven seed drill has 5 to 6 iron tubes joined together with the common funnel at the top. • When the seeds are put into the funnel of such a seed drill ,the seeds are released through all the tubes and get sown into 5 or 6 furrows of soil simultaneously. • By using such tractor driven seed drills, the sowing of seeds can be completed quickly.
- 14. Precautions for sowing seeds Seeds should be sown at right depth in the soil suitable for germination. Seeds should be sown at right interval or spacing. Seeds should not be sown in a dry soil. Seeds should not be sown in a highly wet soil.
- 15. Advantages of sowing with the seed drill Seeds are sown at correct depth and correct intervals or spacings. Seeds sown in regular rows. Prevents damage caused by birds. Tractor driven seed drill saves time and labour.
- 16. Transplanting or Transplantation Process of transferring the seedling from the nursery to the main field by hand is called transplantation or transplanting. During transplantation proper distance between various seedlings and between various rows of seedlings. To get sufficient sunlight, water and other nutrients for normal and healthy growth.
- 17. Advantages of the transplantation process Enables us to select only the better and healthy seedlings. Allows better penetration of the roots in the soil. Promotes better development of the shoot system of plants. Allows the seedlings to be planted at the right spacings so that the plants may get uniform dose of sunlight ,water and nutrients. The practice of transplantation is used in the cultivation of paddy crop (rice crop) and in the cultivation of many vegetables like tomatoes and chillies.
- 18. Adding manure and fertilizers • Repeated growing of crops in the same field remove a lot of precious minerals elements, organic matter and other materials from the soil. • Due to this the soil becomes infertile after sometime and the crop yield decreases. • The deficiency of plant nutrients and organic matter in the soil is made up by adding manures and fertilizers to the soil.
- 19. Manures Manure is a natural fertilizer. Obtained by the decomposition of animal based like cow dung, human waste and plant residues ,which supplies essential elements and humus to the soil and makes it more fertile. Prepared by the action of microorganism. In order to prepare manure, farmers dump animal waste and plant waste in a pit at open places and allow it to decompose slowly.
- 20. • Manures not very rich in plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium but rich in organic chemical nutrients like humus. • Humus improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil . • Manure improves the soil texture for better retention of water and aeration. • Being porous, humus can hold more water and air in the soil
- 21. Chemical Fertilizers • A salt or inorganic compound containing the necessary plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium to make the soil more fertile. • Examples of fertilizers are urea, ammonium sulphate, superphosphate, Potash and NPK. (N=Nitrogen,P=Phosphorus,K=Potassium)
- 22. Chemical Fertilizers • Provide quick replenishment of plant nutrients in the soil and restore its fertility. • Have high solubility in water. • Easily absorbed by the plants. • Made in factories. • Easy to transport, store and handle. • Absorb moisture very quickly so they are packed in air tight bags. • Can be applied before sowing, during irrigation or sprayed on standing crops.
- 23. Excessive use of fertilizers is harmful due to the following reasons: •Changes the chemical nature of soil and makes the soil less fertile . •Can make the soil highly acidic or alkaline. •Excessive use of fertilizers causes water pollution in ponds, lakes and rivers etc.
- 24. Differences between manures and fertilizers Manure Fertilizer Natural substance obtained by the decomposition of animal waste like cow dung, human waste and plant residues. A fertilizer is a salt or inorganic compound Not very rich in plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium Rich in plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium Provides a lot of organic matter like humus to the soil Does not provide any humus to the soil Absorb slowly by the plants because it is not much soluble in water Being soluble in water, readily absorbed by the plants Can be prepared in the fields Prepared in factories
- 25. Advantages of manure Organic manure is considered better than fertilizers because of the following reasons:- Manure enhances the water holding capacity of the soil. Manure makes the soil porous due to which the exchange of gases becomes easy. Manure increases the number of useful microbes in the soil. Manure improves the texture of the soil.
- 26. Leguminous crops • Pulses, peas, beans, groundnut, gram (chana) and clover(barseem) are leguminous crops. • Root nodules of leguminous plants have nitrogen fixing bacteria (called Rhizobium bacteria ) which can directly fix (or convert) the nitrogen gas present in the air to form nitrogen compounds . • These nitrogen compounds go into the soil and improves its fertility • Some of these nitrogen compounds are used by leguminous crop for its own growth and rest of nitrogen compounds are left in the soil . • Thus planting leguminous crops like pulses, peas ,beans, groundnut ,gram etc. in a field results in nitrogen rich soil.
- 27. Crop Rotation • Fertility of soil can be improved. • Practice in which different type of crops (leguminous crops and non leguminous crops) are grown alternatively in the same field or soil is called crop rotation. • Cereal crops like wheat, maize,paddy and millet are grown alternatively with leguminous crops like pulses, peas, beans, groundnut and clover etc in the same field. • Rotating different crops (leguminous and non leguminous crops) in the same field replenishes the soil with nitrogen naturally and leads to increase in the crop production.
- 28. Rotation of crops has the following advantages • Improves the fertility of the soil by replenishing it with the nitrogen and hence bring about an increase in the production of food grains. • Save a lot of nitrogenous fertilizer.
- 29. Irrigation Process of supplying water to crop plants in the fields is called irrigation.
- 30. Why is irrigation necessary: I. Irrigation before ploughing the fields makes the soil soft. II. To provide moisture for the germination of seeds. III. To maintain the moisture of soil . IV. Necessary for the absorption of nutrient elements by the plants V. Protects the crop plants from hot air currents as well as frost.
- 31. Factors affecting irrigation requirements of crops: i. Nature of the crop ii. Nature of the soil iii. Season • Paddy crop (rice crop ) is transplanted in the standing water and requires continuous irrigation whereas other crops like wheat, gram (chana) and cotton etc. do not require so much water • Crops grown in a sandy soil need irrigation more frequently whereas the frequency of irrigation for the crops grown in a clayey soil is comparatively less.
- 32. • Due to the poor water retaining capacity of the sandy soil, the crops cultivated in sandy soil need more frequent irrigation. • Due to better water retaining capacity of the clayey soil the crops cultivated in the clayey soil need irrigation less frequently. • The frequency of irrigation or watering of the crops is higher in summer season • Because during the hot days of the summer the rate of evaporation of water from the soil and the leaves of crop plants is increased . • On the other hand the frequency of irrigation or watering of the crops is comparatively lower in the colder winter season.
- 33. Sources of irrigation • Rivers • Canals • Wells • Tube wells • Dams • Ponds • lakes • Rain Water available in wells, lakes and canals is lifted up by the different methods in different regions for taking into the field.
- 34. Traditional methods of irrigation • Moat (pulley system) • Chain pump • Dekhli and • Rahat (lever system)