Cryptography & Quantum Computing.pptx
- 2. Cryptography • It is the study of secure communications techniques that allow only the sender and intended recipient of a message to view its contents. • It is closely associated to encryption, which is the act of scrambling ordinary text into what's known as ciphertext and then back again upon arrival.
- 3. Basic Terms in Cryptography • Plain Text • Cipher Text • Encryption • Decryption • Key • Hashing
- 5. Types of Cryptography 1.SYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY 2.ASYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY
- 6. SYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY It is an encryption system where the sender and receiver of message use a single common key to encrypt and decrypt messages. Symmetric Key Systems are faster and simpler, but the problem is that sender and receiver have to somehow exchange key in a secure manner. The most popular symmetric key cryptography system is Data Encryption System(DES).
- 8. ASYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY Under this system a pair of keys is used to encrypt and decrypt information. A public key is used for encryption and a private key is used for decryption. Public key and Private Key are different. Even if the public key is known by everyone the intended receiver can only decode it because he alone knows the private key.
- 10. KEYS USED IN CRYPTOGRAPHY Public Key Public key uses asymmetric algorithms that convert messages into an unreadable format. A person who has a public key can encrypt the message intended for a specific receiver. The receiver with the private key can only decode the message, which is encrypted by the public key. Private Key The private key is a secret key that is used to decrypt the message and the party knows it that exchange message. In the traditional method, a shared secret key is shared within communicators to enable encryption and decryption the message, but if the key is lost, the system becomes void. To avoid this weakness, PKI (public key infrastructure) came into force where a public key is used along with the private key. PKI enables internet users to exchange information in a secure way with the use of a public and private key.
- 11. Comparison Differentiator Symmetric Key Encryption Asymmetric Key Encryption 1. Symmetric Key vs Asymmetric key Only one key (symmetric key) is used, and the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt the message. Two different cryptographic keys (asymmetric keys), called the public and the private keys, are used for encryption and decryption. 2. Complexity and Speed of Execution It’s a simple technique, and because of this, the encryption process can be carried out quickly. It’s a much more complicated process than symmetric key encryption, and the process is slower. 3. Length of Keys The length of the keys used is typically 128 or 256 bits, based on the security requirement. The length of the keys is much larger, e.g., the recommended RSA key size is 2048 bits or higher. 4. Usage It’s mostly used when large chunks of data need to be transferred. It’s used in smaller transactions, primarily to authenticate and establish a secure communication channel prior to the actual data transfer. 5. Security The secret key is shared. Consequently, the risk of compromise is higher. The private key is not shared, and the overall process is more secure as compared to symmetric encryption. Examples of Algorithms Examples include RC4, AES, DES, 3DES, etc. Examples include RSA, Diffie-Hellman, ECC, etc.
- 12. QUANTUM COMPUTING What is Quantum : Quantum is the Latin word for amount and, in modern understanding, means the smallest possible discrete unit of any physical property, such as energy or matter.
- 13. QUANTUM COMPUTER What are Quantum Computers : Quantum computers are machines that use the properties of quantum physics to store data and perform computations. This can be extremely advantageous for certain tasks where they could vastly outperform even our best supercomputers.
- 14. HOW QUANTUM COMPUTERS ARE DIFFERENT FROM REGULAR COMPUTERS How a regular computer stores information: Regular computer stores information in a series of 0’s and 1’s. Different kinds of information, such as numbers, text, and images can be represented this way. Each unit in this series of 0’s and 1’s is called a bit. So, a bit can be set to either 0 or 1.
- 15. HOW QUANTUM COMPUTERS ARE DIFFERENT FROM REGULAR COMPUTERS Now, what about quantum computers? A quantum computer does not use bits to store information. Instead, it uses something called qubits. A qubit (or quantum bit) is the quantum mechanical analogue of a classical bit which can have value both 0 and 1 all at one time unlike a classical bit. This is called superposition.
- 17. QUANTUM SUPERPOSITION What is Quantum Superposition? • Superposition is a system that has two different states that can define it and it’s possible for it to exist in both. For example, in physical terms, an electron has two possible quantum states: spin up and spin down. When an electron is in superposition, it is both up and down at once – it is a complex combination of both. • The illustration below shows, as an example, a ball that can be either outside or inside a box, or in a quantum superposition of the two states simultaneously (with the usual notations used by the physicists).
- 18. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT What is Quantum Entanglement? One of the other counter-intuitive phenomena in quantum physics is entanglement. A pair or group of particles is entangled when the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the quantum state of the other particle(s). The quantum state of the system as a whole can be described; it is in a definite state, although the parts of the system are not. Confused..???? Don’t Worry, we will understand this with an example in next slide !
- 19. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT By applying the principle of superposition to a system composed of several objects, each of which can be found in several possible states, one can obtain very strange quantum states called entangled states. In the example below the system consists of a blue ball and a red ball each being able to be outside (0) or inside (1) a box. The superposed state in which the balls are simultaneously both outside and both inside the box is difficult to represent it is at the same time very indeterminate (each of the balls can be found either inside or outside) but at the same time very determined because the balls are for sure at the same place. This kind of entangled state is a resource widely used in quantum technologies.
- 20. QUANTUM TELEPORTATION What is Quantum Teleportation ? Quantum teleportation is a technique used to transfer information on a quantum level, usually from one particle to another. It may be defined as a process by which a qubit (the basic unit of quantum information) can be transmitted from one location to another, without the qubit actually being transmitted through space. It is useful for quantum information processing and quantum communication Quantum teleportation transfers info b/w 2 points without any physical medium, say for example – a radio wave, passing through space. This means it can’t be intercepted at any cost and will provide a basis for perfectly secure mass communications, super-fast quantum computers and, eventually, a quantum internet far more powerful than the one we have today.
- 21. ADVANTAGES OF QUANTUM COMPUTING Advantages of Quantum Computing The main advantage of quantum computing is it can execute any task very faster when compared to the classical computer, generally the atoms changes very faster in case of the traditional computing whereas in quantum computing it changes even more faster. But all the tasks can’t be done better by quantum computing when compared to traditional computer. Applications : • Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence • Computational Chemistry • Development & Drug Design • Cryptography & Cybersecurity • Financial Modelling Reference : https://www.merementor.com/blog/applications-of- quantum-computing
- 22. DISADVANTAGES OF QUANTUM COMPUTING Disadvantages of Quantum Computing 1. The research for this problem is still continuing the effort applied to identify a solution for this problem that has no positive progress. 2. Qubits are not digital bits of the day thus they cannot use as conventional error correction. 3. The main disadvantage of Quantum computing is the technology required to implement a quantum computer is not available at present days. 4. The minimum energy requirement for quantum logical operations is five times that of classical computers. 5. Quantum CPU will have efficiency and heating problems of its own. 6. When a measurement of any type is made to a quantum system, decoherence is totally broken down and the wave function collapses into a single state.
- 23. Quantum Computing: Threat to Cybersecurity ? Speed Affects CyberSecurity Some encryption algorithms are thought to be unbreakable, except the brute-force attacks(try all possible keys to identify the one that decrypts data back to a readable form) . The American Scientists states, “the world’s fastest supercomputer would need trillions of years to find the right key.” In contrast, Grover’s Algorithm, a quantum computing method, simplifies and speeds up the cracking process. A classical computer will take approximately 5 seconds to get the result, whereas a quantum computer will take 0.005 seconds to get the result.
- 24. Quantum Computing Power Malware Attacks • Today, hackers can adopt advanced technologies, such as machine learning techniques, to develop and distribute deadly forms of malware. What can a quantum computer offer to criminals running massive data sets for machine learning? • Threat actors can leverage the strengths of quantum computing to create a novel approach to breach cybersecurity. Such activities could be too computationally expensive on classical computers, but with a quantum computer, the hacker can quickly analyze datasets and proceed to launch a sophisticated attack on a large population of networks and devices. Reference : https://cisomag.eccouncil.org/quantum- computing/
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